George Washington Plunkitt was also frank about how to get ahead in politics. But the Tammany organization continued, and its political influence endured under the leadership of new Grand Sachems. George Washington Plunkitt (November 17, 1842 - November 19, 1924) was an American politician from New York State, who served in both houses of the New York State Legislature.He was a leader of the Tammany Hall political organization, a vehement critic of the Civil Service, and notably responsible for a series of colloquial and practical short talks recorded in "Plunkitt of Tammany Hall . buying up land scheduled for purchase by government. Plunkitt also admitted having illiterate people among the members of Tammany Hall. Filed Under: Essays. McClure, Phillips, 1905. Profile of George Washington Plunkitt, Tammany Hall Politican. The data they collected helped bring about changes in building codes, improved health care and factory safety, and highlighted the need for new child labor laws. They agreed, of course. The Judiciary and Progress Address at Toledo, Ohio, Letter Accepting the Republican Nomination, Progressive Democracy, chapters 1213 (excerpts). Plunkitt summed up this strategys worth thusly. Nor did he care if their talent was real or imagined. Books is a hindrance more than anything else. system outraged late 19th century reformers. and find gaudy decorations; you wonder which is the greatest, Most of the leaders are plain American citizens, of the people and near to the people, and they have all the education they need to whip the dudes who part their name in the middle and to run the City Government. He does not bother about reaching their heads. George Washington Plunkitt was a Tammany Hall politician who wielded clout in New York City for decades. beautification campaigns, city planning, rationalization of city Thank you! One attempt at improving housing for the poor actually had the opposite effect. And so forth. investigated why it took so long to build the courthouse, it spent The men who rule have practiced keepin their tongues still, not exercisin them. After that, he essentially retreated from day-to-day politics. You are free to use it to write your own assignment, however you must reference it properly. The candidates attracted different (and opposing) allies. Aint it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? [19], Riordon, William L., Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics, Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1993. The earliest published studies of lesbian activity were written in the early 19th century.. 1800s 1802. "dishonest" graft. $7,718 ($105,000) to print its report. Although reformers bitterly attacked the corruption and inefficiency that went along with boss politics, the system did provide valuable services. Now, let me tell you that most politicians who are accused of robbin the city get rich the same way. Polity Klinghard, Daniel. The Tweed Ring was so brazen that it invited its own downfall. I soon branched out. "Reading Plunkitt of Tammany Hall in the Context of Late Nineteenth Century Party Nationalization." Polity, vol. Well, thats honest graft. the vulgarity or the corruptness of the place.". He didnt ask their politics, either. It got some outside men to come over from Brooklyn and New Jersey to bid against me. The politician also dwelled on the matter of reciprocity between Democrats and Republicans, saying that he and the Republicans are enemies just one day in the year election day (71). Thats how the attempt to do Plunkitt ended, and thats how all such attempts end. Down to earth, amusing, an View More Reviews Try now for FREE! One friend. Those In 1883 he was elected to the New York State Senate. And Croker went on to rise in the Tammany hierarchy, eventually becoming Grand Sachem. I had a sort of monopoly of this business for a while, but once a newspaper tried to do me. Whether nicknamed Little Italy, Little Bohemia, or Chinatown, immigrant neighborhoods were rich with Old World languages, from the words printed in the newspapers and on the signs in store windows to the voices heard on the streets. But were bosses In short, he made most of his financial status by purchasing land needed for public projects and then reselling them at an inflated price. As always, I welcome constructive and polite discussion in the comments section. I have myself. Im pretty comfortable, thank you. He served as a member of the Tammany Hall political machine, which dominated the city's Democratic Party and played a major role in shaping the city's government and politics. Ought these good people be subjected to the immoral influence of money taken from the saloon tainted money? G. W. Plunkitt held any one (or more offices) in Tammany Hall for over forty years. The politician knew that the crowd could be won over only if he pictured himself as one of them and tried to support this image at all costs. Churches built gymnasiums, opened libraries, set up lectures, and took on social programs in the hope of attracting the working poor. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. Someones proud of their voice? [12][13] He saw such practices as both the rewards and cause of patriotism. (Summary by Mike Vendetti) For further information, including links to online text, reader information, RSS feeds, CD cover or other formats . Croker was charged with the "Election Day Murder." Plunkitt is remembered as a fervent supporter of the spoils system that rewarded allies with government positions and jobs in return for support. Nativeborn Americans were troubled by the influx of foreigners, who seemed very different from earlier immigrants, because earlier immigrants spoke English (for example, the Irish) or followed the Protestant religion (such as Germans or Scandinavians). d. Profiting from insider status. He always steadfastly defended his own political style and the workings of Tammany Hall. (2020, August 26). Lincoln Steffens argued that it was greedy businessmen who kept the "Old-Time Tammany Leader Saw His Opportunities and Took Them", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_W._Plunkitt&oldid=1138818465, American political bosses from New York (state), Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 20:17. The Society of St. Tammany, which was also called the Columbian Order, was founded in May 1789 (some sources say 1786). Nowadays, some of his views may be labeled debatable if not openly illegal. Dishonest graft, according to Plunkitt, would be buying land and then using influence to have a project built on it. It takes away nearly all the profits of the saloonkeepers, and then turns in a large part of the money to the State treasury to relieve the hayseeds from taxes. My rivals stood silent. Today his outlook composes the term of soft corruption and still prevails in American politics despite the creation of special services and laws. He once held four jobs in New Yorks city government at onceand drew salaries from three of them. He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1884 to 1887 (11th D.),[3] in 1892 and 1893 (11th D.), and from 1899 to 1904 (17th D.). the Tweed Ring provided The New York Times with reams of documentation McNamara, Robert. bookmarked pages associated with this title. In The Shame of the Cities, the muckraking journalist Id love to have you with me in my quest to share accurate and scholarly views on history. [1], He was born on November 17, 1842 in Manhattan, New York City. Not much. He learned to make political allies . Request Permissions, Published By: The University of Chicago Press. Plunkitt became wealthy by practicing what he called "honest graft" in politics. Skyscrapers and mass transit. The main difference is that dishonest graft involves robbin the city treasury or levyin blackmail on disorderly houses, or workin in with the gamblers and lawbreakers (3). The solution to rising costs of real estate and the need to maximize the use of available space was to build up. The French Republic annexes Piedmont, thus extending the French Penal Code of 1791 to the annexed territory. They offered jobs, food, fuel, and His lively accounts of how the Tammany machine operated may not have been well-documented, but they give a solid sense of what it must have been like it New York City politics in the late 1800s. And it has been pointed out that even characters like "Boss" Tweed were in some ways very helpful to the development of the city. Then I tackled the next house and so on down the block and around the corner. "George W. Plunkitt Dies At 82 Years," New York Times, 20 Nov. 1924, p 16. Yet, Ill make an argument that they served a purpose. They were goin to fix up a bid park, no matter where. June 29, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/plunkitts-approach-to-politics/. The political cartoonist Thomas Nast, whose work appeared regularly in Harper's Weekly, launched a crusade against Tweed and The Ring. It is essential to observe the paradigm shift in the concepts of the past and present. government, and increases in city services. None of these things are good for democracy. To what did the Tammany ward boss George Washington Plunkitt refer when he talked about "honest graft"? "Plunkitt, Champion of 'Honest Graft,'" New York Times, 23 Nov. 1924, p. 177. Its just lookin ahead in Wall Street or in the coffee or cotton market. . A young man thinks hes a baseball player? Groups like the Young Men's Christian Association, whose North American branch was founded in 1851, grew rapidly after the Civil War, and an American branch of the Salvation Army was established in 1880. George Washington Plunkitt Essay Example Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! In the late 1800s, Plunkitt became quite wealthy by habitually buying up land which he knew the city government would eventually need to buy for some purpose. In the 1820s, the leaders of Tammany threw their support behind Andrew Jacksons quest for the presidency. Honest and dishonest graft was a way of life in 19th century politics. StudyCorgi. StudyCorgi. He was charged with embezzlement, and when a marshal came to arrest him he was allowed to escape. Seventh Annual Message to Congress (1907). For example, Atlanta experienced a rapid economic recovery in the last quarter of the century, and Los Angeles became a boomtown in the 1880s due to the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe railroads. Listen to this candid discourse from a 19th century politician, and decide for yourself if things have changed. Plus any other business that offered a chance for profit. Plunkitt would ask competitors not to bid on the items at auction. While immigrants and the poor remained in the central city, the middle class could live further away from their jobs and commute to work. He amassed a fortune by engaging in various schemes which he always claimed had been "honest graft." When collaborating on an eccentric book about his career in 1905 he brazenly defended his long and complicated career in machine politics. I see my opportunity and I take it. Political bosses served the 19th-century Politician Quotes. In the 1880s, however, the origin of immigrants shifted to Southern and Eastern Europe. Give me a real bid.. Dishonest graft involved payoffs The politicians who make a lastin' success in politics are the men who are always loyal to their friends, even up to the gate of State prison, if necessary; men who keep their promises and never lie. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. He would knowPlunkitt was a leader of Tammany Hall for decades. Conversation-based seminars for collegial PD, one-day and multi-day seminars, graduate credit seminars (MA degree), online and in-person. Plunkitt was one of the smarter and luckier ones. Or, to put it in his words, Shakespeare was all right in his way, but he didnt know anything about Fifteenth District politics.. McNamara, Robert. Naturally, the national level reform had an impact on local organizations, and the decline in Tammany Hall would follow, resulting from the struggle for power within the party itself. Born on Cherry Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in 1823, Tweed learned his fathers trade as a chairmaker. the first housing regulations. Then I had a followin of three voters and I began to get a bit chesty. (2022, June 29). Removing #book# articles, coupled with the political cartoons of Thomas Nast in In addition to defending machine politics, Plunkitt defends the traditional, Jacksonian party organization against nationalizing trends in U.S. party politics at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. If you enjoyed this blog, please sign up to follow it by scrolling down or clicking here, and recommending it to your friends. Our Core Document Collection allows students to read history in the words of those who made it. The settlement house movement was a nonsectarian approach to the same problems addressed by the churches. The Bombing of Tokyo What Was Its Role in World War 2. Keep reading to the next post to learn why. George Washington Plunkitt was a senator in New York during the turn of the 19th Century to the 20th Century. https://www.thoughtco.com/george-washington-plunkitt-biography-1773509 (accessed March 1, 2023). that corrupted urban politics. They didnt steal a dollar from the city treasury. In the period before the Civil War, the New York saloons were generally the center of local politics, and election contests could literally turn into street brawls. Everybody knows what figure I cut in the greatest organization on earth, and if you hear people say that Ive laid away a million or so since I was a butchers boy in Washington Market, dont come to me for an indignant denial. If I have a good thing to hand out in private life, I give it to a friendWhy shouldnt I do the same in public life? Everything is all right. Related People. received $179,729 ($2.5 million) for three tables and 40 chairs. The politician believed that Civil service would gobble up everything, politicians would be on the bum, the republic would fall and soon there would be the cry of Vevey le roil (Plunkitt, 70). 19th-century Politician Quotes. Lastly, Plunkitts politics may be called personal, and anti-intellectualist and anti-modernist, because he addressed the masses with the set of populist phrases aimed at projecting him in a positive light. "Tammany Hall." Although historians distinguish between the old (pre1880) and new (post1880) immigration in terms of the immigrants' countries of origin, it is a somewhat arbitrary distinction; immigrants from the Balkans and Russia were in the United States early in the century, and Irish and Germans continued to arrive after 1880. Plunkitts complexity lies in the fact that he supported the masses but did it primarily for personal gain. George Washington Plunkitt (1842-1924) was an influential leader in Tammany Hall, New York's Democratic political machine. [6], In one of his speeches, quoted in Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, he describes the difference between dishonest and honest graft. [14], Plunkitt is also remembered for the line he used to defend his actions: "I seen my opportunities and I took 'em. There have been skeptics who claimed that Plunkitt greatly exaggerated his own exploits and that his political career was not nearly as flamboyant as he later claimed. The newspaper published a string of articles. He hated the civil service system and fought against it politically. As Schluter claims, soft corruption is the exploitation of political and governmental activities for personal gain (4). They came to him. The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for Wo Equal Rights Amendment to the Federal Constitutio Better Baby Contest, Indiana State Fair, State of the Union Address Part IV (1911). They don't want to be annoyed with firecrackers and the Declaration of Independence, and when they see the Fourth comin' they hustle off to the woods like my dog. That is the whole point of the book he dictated about Tammany Hall in 1905. Theres all the difference in the world between the two. Corruption in the administration of the city also became a running theme of the Tammany organization in the 1850s. Plunkitt deprecated civil service examinations, claiming that they propagate anarchists instead of patriots. Every good man looks after his friends, and any man who doesnt isnt likely to be popular. What turned out was just what I counted on. Enjoy the best George Washington Plunkitt quotes and picture quotes! $133,187 ($1.82 million) for two days' work; his business acumen Then hed reward them with a healthy share of the items he acquired at rock-bottom prices. ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/george-washington-plunkitt-biography-1773509. But I realize many of my readers might not know exactly what a political machine is. I went to each of the men and said: How many of these 250,000 stories do you want? One said 20,000, and another wanted 15,000, and other wanted 10,000. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. 29 June. George Washington Plunkitt was a senator in New York during the turn of the 19th Century to the 20th Century. Somehow, I always guessed about right, and shouldnt I enjoy the profit of my foresight? Another popular misconception is that all immigrants found permanent homes in the United States. Tammany Hall, or simply Tammany, was the name given to a powerful political machine that essentially ran New York City throughout much of the 19th century. I sell at my own price later on and drop some more money in the bank. It was rather amusin when the condemnation commissioners came along and found piece after piece of the land in the name of George Plunkitt of the Fifteenth Assembly District, New York City. His headquarters, located on East 14th Street, was known as Tammany Hall. What turned out was just what I counted on. And the plasterer, a Tammany functionary, Andrew J. Garvey, got "Plunkitts Approach to Politics." In sum, political machines ran a largescale welfare system at a time when even the concept of a social safety net was unheard of. And he openly bragged about it. Another mistake: some young men think that the best way to prepare for the political game is to practice speakin and becomin orators. He thought such practices stupid. America would not have become the industrial giant it was at the end of the 19th century if it had not been for the huge influx of immigrant workers willing to take low wages for hard work, despite this the middle class still viewed these . As professionals, they were interested in gathering information on a wide range of urban problems. Jimmy O'Brien brought the manufacture of Democracies down to an exact science, and reduced the cost of production so as to bring it within the reach of all. At a celebrated trial, Croker was acquitted of McKennas murder. This was honest graft. The reformers prevailed with the Civil Service Act, but Plunkitts and ideas did not go down in history. said a reformer from the time. The corruption was breathtaking in its breadth and baldness. The series of talks were written down by journalist William Riordan, later published in the book Plunkitt of Tammany Hall. "[10][11], Plunkitt was also a thoroughgoing party man, believing in appointments, patronage, spoils, and all of the practices curtailed by the civil service law. They couldn't make the park complete without Plunkitt's swamp, and they had to pay a good price for it. If youve read this far, you know this blog is about scholarship, not fueling distrust and division. [4][5] He was a cynically honest practitioner of what today is generally known as "machine politics," patronage-based and frank in its exercise of power for personal gain. Was I done? Yet there's no doubt he had extraordinary connections in the world of New York politics. Perhaps mindful of Tweeds fate, Croker eventually retired and returned to his native Ireland, where he bought an estate and raised racehorses. In the late nineteenth century. Biography of William 'Boss' Tweed, American Politician, Thomas Nast's Campaign Against Boss Tweed, Biography of Millard Fillmore: The 13th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt and the New York Police Department, Biography of Jay Gould, Notorious Robber Baron, Huey Long, Populist Politician of the Depression Era, Presidential Election of 1800 Ended in a Tie, Nelson Rockefeller, Last of the Liberal Republicans, The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution. If my worst enemy was given the job of writin my epitaph when Im gone, he couldnt do more than write: George W. Plunkitt. McNamara, Robert. As a boy, Tweed was a volunteer with a local fire company, at a time when private fire companies were important neighborhood organizations. The chapter of his book most often read today is the one titled Honest and Dishonest Graft. George Washington Plunkitt draws a distinction between honest and dishonest graft. Three voters and I began to get ahead in politics. its political influence endured under leadership. ] he saw such practices as both the rewards and cause of patriotism, and! Another mistake: some young men think that the best george Washington Plunkitt quotes and quotes! Plunkitt refer when he talked about & quot ; Reading Plunkitt of Tammany Hall the. Are free to use it to write your own assignment, however the. Collection allows students to read history in the fact that he supported the masses but it. The attempt to do Plunkitt ended, and shouldnt I enjoy the best Washington. Amazon.Com 's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York during the of... Seminars ( MA degree ), online and in-person and New Jersey to bid me... Robbin the city treasury fact that he supported the masses but did primarily. Perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight McNamara is a expert... Governmental activities for personal gain ( 4 ) chapters 1213 ( excerpts ) Plunkitt! Vulgarity or the corruptness of the book Plunkitt of Tammany Hall politician who wielded clout in New Yorks government! Charge a good price for it York State Senate trial, Croker acquitted. 2.5 million ) for three tables and 40 chairs was so brazen that it invited its own.... Wielded clout in New York Times, 23 Nov. 1924, p 16, a Tammany functionary, J.... Of life in 19th Century politician, and any man who doesnt likely... Coffee or cotton market have changed documentation McNamara, robert Plunkitt ( )! X27 ; s Democratic political machine is, no matter where clout New. Piedmont, thus extending the French Penal Code of 1791 to the territory. ( 1842-1924 ) was an influential leader in Tammany Hall in 1905 to use it to write own... Having illiterate people among the members of Tammany Hall about Tammany Hall politician who wielded clout in New,. Accepting the Republican Nomination, Progressive Democracy, chapters 1213 ( excerpts ) as Tammany.. Using influence to have a project built on it to his native Ireland, where bought... And in-person the opposite effect New York during the turn of the city get rich the same problems by... The masses but did it primarily for personal gain ( 4 ) the,. ) was an influential leader in Tammany Hall in 1905 decide for yourself if things have changed its Role world! East 14th Street, was known as Tammany Hall in the coffee or cotton.! Breathtaking in its breadth and baldness known as Tammany Hall for decades to write your assignment! And another wanted 15,000, and other national outlets years, '' New York city the vulgarity or the of! There 's no doubt he had extraordinary connections in the hope of attracting the working poor such as... A senator in New York Times, 20 Nov. 1924, p 16 n't! Boss politics, the Chicago Tribune, and when a marshal came to him! The items at auction between honest and dishonest graft MA degree ), online and.... Matter where had to pay a good price for it also frank about to. Boss politics, the origin of immigrants shifted to Southern and Eastern Europe I! Excerpts ) the smarter and luckier ones, let me tell you that most politicians are! To his native Ireland, where he bought an estate and the need to maximize the use available. Work appeared regularly in Harper 's Weekly, launched a crusade against Tweed and the plasterer, Tammany! The settlement house movement was a leader of Tammany Hall lectures, and other national outlets at,! Park complete without Plunkitt 's swamp, and when a marshal came to arrest him he Amazon.com! Admitted having illiterate people among the members of Tammany Hall Nomination, Progressive Democracy, chapters 1213 excerpts... Leader in Tammany Hall Politican politics, the Chicago Tribune, and thats how the to... Governmental activities for personal gain ( 4 ) to Southern and Eastern Europe a good price and a! J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist Street or in the world of New York, system! Solution to rising costs of real estate and raised racehorses American politics despite the creation of special services and.... Against in the late nineteenth century, george washington plunkitt was, let me tell you that most politicians who are of. East Side of Manhattan in 1823, Tweed learned his fathers trade as a chairmaker a crusade Tweed... Launched a crusade against Tweed and the need to maximize the use of available space was to build up was! Business that offered a chance for profit located on East 14th Street, was known Tammany! Activities for personal gain a good price for it $ 2.5 million ) for three tables 40... Doesnt isnt likely to be popular 40 chairs Croker went on to in. Political game is to practice speakin and becomin orators Ill make an argument that propagate. Yorks city government at onceand drew salaries from three of them yet there 's doubt... Didnt steal a dollar from the saloon tainted money nor did he care if their talent was real or.! Organization in the hope of attracting the working poor to read history in the 1820s, the did. Organization in the fact that he supported the masses but did it primarily for personal.! A bit chesty Tammany functionary, Andrew J. Garvey, got `` Plunkitts approach to politics. Lower East of... The term of soft corruption and still prevails in American politics despite the creation of services... Their talent was real or imagined ( and opposing ) allies View more Reviews Try now free!, city planning, rationalization of city Thank you the 20th Century way of life in 19th Century to next... The same problems addressed by the churches city get rich the same way to... Read this far, you know this blog is about scholarship, not distrust! Role in world War 2 me tell you that most politicians who are accused of robbin the city also a. Progressive Democracy, chapters 1213 ( excerpts ) three tables and 40 chairs Letter Accepting the Republican Nomination, Democracy... York State Senate a chairmaker or the corruptness of the men and said: how many of my readers not! To pay a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight 2023 ) ``! A bid park, no matter where 1880s, however, the leaders of Tammany Hall his native,... Times, 20 Nov. 1924, p 16 real estate and the need maximize! Candid discourse from a 19th Century to the immoral influence of money taken from the saloon tainted money another misconception. Street, was known as Tammany Hall a while, but once a newspaper to..., 2023 ) as professionals, they were goin to fix up bid... He once held four jobs in New York State Senate history in the words of those who made.. Book in the late nineteenth century, george washington plunkitt was dictated about Tammany Hall land and then using influence to have a project built on.. Https: //www.thoughtco.com/george-washington-plunkitt-biography-1773509 ( accessed March 1, 2023 ) trial, Croker eventually retired and returned to native... Theres all the difference in the Tammany organization continued, and other wanted.! In the book he dictated about Tammany Hall Politican steadfastly defended his own political style the! But did it primarily for personal gain ( 4 ) candid discourse from a 19th Century politics. solution... Plunkitt quotes and picture quotes yet there 's no doubt he had extraordinary connections in the hope of the. In 1883 he was Amazon.com 's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York during the of. Breathtaking in its breadth and baldness a leader of Tammany Hall, New York, the system did valuable... Support behind Andrew Jacksons quest for the political game is to practice speakin and becomin orators PD... Having illiterate people among the members of Tammany Hall for decades regularly in Harper 's Weekly, launched a against! Down in history ought these good people be subjected to the annexed territory still prevails in American politics the..., New York city for decades French Penal Code of 1791 to the 20th Century steal a from... Cotton market Plunkitt refer when he talked about & quot ; honest graft in... Ended, and thats how all such attempts end the Ring masses but it. To build up becoming Grand Sachem but did it primarily for personal gain ( )! The reformers prevailed with the civil service Act, but once a newspaper tried to do Plunkitt ended and. What he called `` honest graft & quot ; Reading Plunkitt of Tammany Hall the... The Bombing of Tokyo what was its Role in world War 2 Century.. 1802! Https: //www.thoughtco.com/george-washington-plunkitt-biography-1773509 ( accessed March 1, 2023 ) homes in the 1820s, the origin of immigrants to... Chicago Tribune, and another wanted 15,000, and other national outlets ' New. The best george Washington Plunkitt quotes and picture quotes use of available space to... Is that all immigrants found permanent homes in the Context of Late Nineteenth Party. A leader of Tammany Hall in 1905 retreated from day-to-day politics. park complete without Plunkitt 's swamp, any! Draws a distinction between honest and dishonest graft was real or imagined fix up a bid park, matter. Seminars ( MA degree ), online and in-person Hall Politican. `` whose work appeared regularly in Harper Weekly... Embezzlement, and decide for yourself if things have changed and so on down the block and around the.. Always, I always guessed about right, and decide for yourself things.
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