Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. Trait 2: ++10% Wood Gathering Speed. Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. She knew the Greek and Latin languages, and she occasionally embarrassed foreign diplomats when she understood comments they made in their own languages. He had not secured all of the anchors, so some ships drifted in the water and left an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to move in and set the Armada ablaze. Although aware of Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. The end of the Mongol empire may have been the most significant factor that drove Europeans to the seas, but it was by no means the only one. 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. The popes remained in Avignon under French domination until 1377, during a period called the Babylonian captivity (see "Babylonian captivity and the Great Schism" in Chapter 1). The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. Initially reluctant to become involved, Elizabeth finally accepted the argument that England, as the chief Protestant power in Europe, had an obligation to aid Protestants elsewhere. This policy continued for more than twenty years. Here, you can find the complete list of all questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. Question 9. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. The following night the Spanish fleet commander, Alonso Prez de Guzmn, duke of Medina-Sidonia, made a serious mistake. Monarchies used to rule the world. The dynasty expanded from Francia as far as modern Italy, Spain, and Hungary, and ruled the eponymous Carolingian Empire (800-887), the largest European political entity to exist until the 19th century. Medina-Sidonia had been ordered not to engage in battle with the English until he had made contact with Parma. Carlos also made a shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they were too tight. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. His compassion and leniency toward his subjects were uncharacteristic of the age, and he did much to improve the cultural life of his country during the Renaissance. The aged Jimnez de Cisneros, who was now archbishop of Toledo, acted as regent of Castile until Charles arrived in Spain. After. At the same time religious reformers, first in Germany and then in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, were leading a movement against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. In the sixteenth century the Argonese cause was adopted by the Habsburgs (a royal family with branches in Austria and Spain) when Charles I, a member of the Habsburg family, became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . Game Info. Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). Their attempts to conquer and colonize these new lands were the beginning of what is known today as a global economy. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. Ferdinand and Isabella's son John had been the heir to the throne of Castile, but he had also died. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. The tide changed, however, when Philip formed an alliance with the French. The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. The Catalans also had the right to raise their own army to defend themselves, as well as the right to refuse to quarter foreign troops, including Castilian, on their own soil. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. The Spanish then invaded France, taking Toulon and other parts of southeast France. She did not call herself Supreme Head, possibly because it was believed a woman could not head a church. The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. The troubled young man was finally locked away in a tower, where he went on a series of hunger strikes and died later in the year. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). More nations are being added in the next updates. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Critical and Historical Essays, Volume III (of 3), by Thomas Babington Macaulay This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. Edward was returned to the throne. In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. The Mongolian empire fell apart at the end of the fourteenth century, and the rulers of the Persian and Muslim kingdoms closest to Europe no longer gave outsiders access to their territory. Francia. The group Young Italy advocated for. The king was competing with Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain for the coveted position of emperor (see "France" section previously in this chapter). They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. MikeMeHigh. militia to put down noblemen's efforts to revolt. The council ended its work by issuing a statement that upheld Catholic doctrine (religious rules), but it showed more tolerance of opposition. (Such an action was not unusual during the Renaissance, when rulers constantly shifted strategies to promote their own interests.) Egypt awakens, chaos awaits. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. In 1555 Charles officially turned rule of the Netherlands over to Philip. Medina-Sidonia realized that staging an invasion was now out of the question. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. In the Revolt of the Netherlands, Protestants in the Low Countries fought to throw off Spanish rule and Catholic persecution. A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). After the battle at Mberg, Charles V concentrated his foreign policy on forming alliances rather than on waging war. Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Most of all, she embodied the spirit of her peoplea determination to survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. Throughout the Middle Ages, the King of Germany was known as "King of the Romans" from his election as king . Francia. allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. Edward died in 1553 at the age of sixteen, probably from pneumonia (a disease of the lungs) and possibly tuberculosis (a bacterial infection of the lungs). answer choices. Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. MadLife. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. On the very day of Cromwell's death Henry married Catherine Howard (c. 15201542). They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. In this case the favorite was Gaspar de Guzmn (15871645), who was given the title of count-duke of Olivares. . At the age of thirteen, Francis left his mother's household to reside at the French court, where courtiers referred to him as the dauphin. official symbol of France, painted on his shield. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). At the time of his death, the French crown was six million livres in debt. Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. (During the Renaissance, the term "prince" referred to a military and political ruler, including a king.) Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. There have been hundreds, if not thousands, of different kingdoms throughout history. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). The horrified Clement, who had been locked away in a tower for his own safety, quickly joined Henry in making peace with Charles. France was once again established as the major power on the European continent. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. 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