19Up to this point, the migration literature focused essentially on men. This theoretical construct stresses the gender division of labour, which forces women to assume the majority of household tasks and places them in a subordinate position, restricting their geographical mobility in places of origin, or confining them to insecure jobs in places of destination. 37The political effects of immigration are addressed from two angles. Some recent studies have shown, for example, that European countries are seeking to restrict or even abolish practical access to political asylum in Europe (Legoux, 2006). Happiness and economics. All twentieth-century migration policies were founded on a supposedly unshakeable principle: immigration is a privilege and not a right. These authors turn the problem around by considering the links between emigrants and sending regions via the notion of remittances, a key vector, in their view, of the impact of emigration in developing countries. New York: Penguin. 13For several scholars, decisions to migrate can only be understood in a more global context. Borjas did not discuss second-order effects, however. And above all, for how long will this contradiction persist? Hedonic prices and implicit markets: Product differentiation in pure competition. 6 Without doubt, Sjaastad's greatest contribution was to introduce the notion of human capital into migration theory to get around the problem of estimating returns. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. (1962). The second concerns the impact of migration on non-migrant populations and on the native-born inhabitants of destination countries. Indeed, Lees model is inseparable from the microeconomic postulate of voluntary migration within a competitive economy, a postulate central to the microeconomic theory of migration that focuses on individual choice. 38In their discussion of the factors of refugee migration, Zolberg, Suhrke and Aguayo make an important distinction between internal and external effects. However, the existence of an underground economy makes it easier to recruit illegal migrants, helped by migrant networks who smooth their entry into the informal labour market. According to the human capital theory of migration (Sjaastad, 1962), people are likely to move to regions with many employment opportunities. Dichos textos estn al origen de avances significativos en la explicacin de las migraciones, de sus causas y de sus efectos. 26For Stephen Castles and Godula Kosack (1972*), immigration has become a structural necessity in response to the needs of western capitalism. It is only after migration has begun that a variety of self-reinforcing mechanisms come into play that perpetuate and expand the migration flows over time, feeding back on community structures to promote its cumulative causation. He points up the absence of appropriate policies to address the new challenges of migration, notably the build-up of emigration pressure due to mounting inequalities. Hampered by structural distortions stemming from their incorporation into the global economic system, developing countries participate in the world economy on disadvantageous terms, and this exacerbates conflict of all kinds, notably ethnic conflicts which, according to the authors, are endemic in Asia and Africa today. (1979). nomic content of the theory of migration proposed by Larry Sjaastad. This helps to explain the relative magnitudes of observed gross and net migration. Determinants of bilateral trade: Does gravity work in a classical world? 33George Borjas (1990*) was a key figure of research in this area. The considerable merit of these approaches is to have added the notion of expected gains or, in the words of Sjaastad, the expected net return on investment. He suggests using three major dimensions to define migration: a change in residence, a shift in employment and a shift in social relations. Anderson, J. The special issue of the International Migration Review on female migration, edited by Mirjana Morokvasic (1984*) points out that migration also concerns women. But it also affects the levels of analysis, be it micro, macro or meso. somlim "" . In particular, he considers that the notion of migration network as developed by Massey is overly restrictive as it focuses on social and family networks primarily based in the same regions of origin as the migrants themselves. While we cannot go into all of his hypotheses here, it is important to highlight several aspects which are still relevant today, notably regarding the effects of immigration on ethnic and race relations. Indeed, the first formulations of the theory of demographic transition, published in the height of the colonial period, are strongly influenced by evolutionism and present traditional and non-industrialized societies as a reverse reflection of modern, industrialized societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Journal of Political Economy, 81 (Supplement), 514564. CrossRef (1932). . Most of the texts presented so far focus on legal and voluntary migration. It is interesting to note that at around the same date, in fact a year before Burawoy, Claude Meillassoux (1975), not cited by the author, had proposed the same approach for the African context, articulating domestic and capitalist modes of production, and the separation of the two functions (reproduction and maintenance of the labour force). Brookfield: Ashgate. Among the factors influencing the migration decision, Lee mentions personal contacts and sources of information about the situation at destination. (1998). In M. Rosenzweig & O. Stark (Eds. New York: Modern Library. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. They represent landmarks of demographic thought, and provide new insights for analysing and understanding demographic processes. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3915. (1987). Regional and urban perspectives on international migration: an overview. The determinants of EastWest German migration. Beyond measurement problems, debate often focuses on the economic impact of irregular migration. Wages, rents, and amenities: Differences among workers and regions. These predictions are implied by the first derivatives of the emigration rate with respect to each of its six determinants. The first two concern the primary and secondary labour markets. They began with a realization of the enormous volume of migrant remittances, and several researchers have sought to estimate these cash flows at global level. Unfortunately studies of the long term are rare. Moving away from an individualistic and atomistic vision, migration can now be conceived as the product of collective and family actions linking migrants and non-migrants in a set of relationships that are captured in new analyses centred on the notion of networks. Urban unemployment and wage determination in LDCs: Trade Unions in the Harris-Todaro Model. Roback, J. It is the interplay of these two processes that drives the circular system. Piche?, Renaud, Gingras, 2002; Richard, 2004). It is Sassen who can take credit for developing the concept of the global city from where the world economy is managed and serviced. 31Transnationalism often conveys a positive image of migration, and this image has been embraced and disseminated by international organizations including the World Bank, the International Organization for Migration, and the various instances of the United Nations. Immigration and self-selection. Self-selection and the earnings of immigrants. Under this schema, migrant characteristics provide a means to explain volume of migration, migration streams and counter-streams. Distribution lectronique Cairn.info pour I.N.E.D I.N.E.D. Each text marks a major advance in the understanding of migration, its causes and its effects. Like the classic theory of demographic transition, the theory of the mobility transition (Zelinski speaks more modestly of a hypothesis) forms part of the theory of modernization that dominated in the 1970s. There is still a big gap between theory and empirical work, and much needs to be done on the theoretical side of this literature to bridge that gap. He also affirms that migration increases with time, and that this increase is driven by growing economic disparities between developed and developing countries, by education and training, and by technological progress, notably in communications and transportation. Lall, S., Selod, H., & Shalizi, Z. Yap, L. (1977). Because native workers and immigrants are not interchangeable in the production process. Recent research on the more global economic effects of immigration (at macro level) has produced results that are contradictory and uncertain to say the least (He?ran, 2002). Internal migration in developing countries. A new approach to the economic theory of fertility behavior. ), Research in human capital and development (Vol. Why is this so? 29The authors mention that seasonal migrants may start sending remittances quite soon after arrival, and this idea has been taken up by several authors, including Portes (2009) who, in his research overview, concludes that temporary migration is the form of migration with the greatest positive effects. This global perspective became increasingly fashionable from the 2000s, and generated abundant literature on transnational networks (Schiller et al., 1992; Faist, 2000; Vertovec, 2009). Neoclassical Theory (Sjaastad 1962; Todaro 1969) proposes that international migration is connected to the global supply and demand for labor. They have spawned two major research currents. Larry Sjaastad, professor emeritus of economics and a leading expert on trade in Latin America, died May 2. Urban growth in the 1990s: Is city living back? But Gary Becker (1964) was the one to explicitly formulate an inte grated investment approach in human capital theory. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. After a certain time, via a process of circular and cumulative causation, migration becomes self-perpetuating. Latest publication on cairn or another partner portal. Sequential migration theory and evidence from Peru . Journal of Labor Economics, 5, 452476. 6Without doubt, Sjaastads greatest contribution was to introduce the notion of human capital into migration theory to get around the problem of estimating returns. (2007). Borjas, G. (1987). (1988). Una nueva dinmica comienza a ser evidente en los municipios de Cundinamarca como resultado de las restricciones de habitabilidad impuestas por el mercado a una buena parte de la poblacin. the abolition of forced labour), the system of temporary migrant labour continues to exist (Cordell, Gregory and Piche?, 1996). Whether migration occurs across internal or international borders is largely irrelevant from a theoretical standpoint, as both types of flows are primarily driven by a desire to exploit geographic variation in the return to labor. It is founded on the basic premise that well-managed migration can be positive for everyone: the countries of origin and destination, and the migrants themselves (hence the famous slogan win-win-win). This provides a means to sidestep the fragmentary nature of the demographic field by calling upon the notion of demographic regime. They form the pieces of a puzzle, brought together in Figure 1. Migration with a composite amenity: The role of rents. The temporary work programmes now re-emerging in industrialized countries also involve a twin economic and institutional dependency. Micro-level theories such as the neoclassical micro-migration theory, Wolpert's . Their pioneering text on the economic contribution of immigrants advanced a series of hypotheses that served as a guiding thread for subsequent research. makalesinde Evere Lee, . As she states even the most dynamic and technologically developed sectors of the economy generate jobs that can conceivably be held by unskilled foreign-language workers. In fact, even if these workers receive market wages (which is not necessarily the case), the maintenance costs linked to socioeconomic integration are kept to a minimum by depriving them of citizenship rights. The determinants of interregional and international migration is a topic which has received considerable attention from economists. For this author, female migration can be positive (emancipation, financial independence), but can also reinforce gender inequalities. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, and Oppenheimer Chair in Public International Law, McGill University, Canada. 40These ideas have not been widely developed since the work of Zolberg, Suhrke and Ahuayo in the 1980s. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Part of Springer Nature. She thus subscribes to the distinction, established by Burawoy (1976) and Meillassoux (1975), between the public and private spheres, and above all, the necessary articulation between the two when analysing female migration strategies. This methodological shortcoming is linked firstly to the huge number of parameters to be included in the models which, as yet, have defeated all attempts at empirical implementation. Graves, P. (1983). Most studies of migration determinants investigate the impact of. Tinbergen, J. 11Despite the old and outdated vocabulary of Zelinskis article, his contribution is significant on two levels. She examines the reorganization of industrial production, as reflected in the proliferation of sweatshops exploiting undocumented workers, and of industrial homework. First, practically all studies of the factors of economic integration suggest that discrimination is an important factor in the difficulties encountered by certain immigrant groups, notably the so-called visible minorities, to use the terminology in vogue in North America (e.g. Challenging the postulate of the rational actor maximizing interests under market forces, Burawoy introduced political and structural factors. This is a paradigm that extends beyond the purely utilitarian outlook, by proposing that questions of migrants rights be included among the political parameters of migration. At the same time, cash needs oblige some family members to emigrate to those places where labour markets are associated with a market economy. Green, G., Deller, S., & Marcouiller, D. (2006). In an introductory chapter, of which this article is an abridged and slightly revised version, he places these founding texts in their historical perspective. 4). 7Sjaastads paper laid the groundwork for the general schema for migration presented by Everett Lee in 1966*. Calvo, G. (1978). Anything else is incompatible with our liberal democratic principles. Frey, B., & Stutzer, A. Brookfield: Ashgate. In a paper published in 2006, Portes and Shafer responded to these criticisms by concluding that the ethnic enclave approach was still valid. They must all be considered when seeking to explain migration or to assess migration policy. (1989). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. The network as an element of social structure is a notion used by Massey to establish a link between networks and the effect of feedback on migration. London: Macmillan. Demography, 26, 114. We will return to this point later in relation to the founding text by Oberai and Manmohan (1980*). Crisp (Eds. (1998). The notion of circular migration suggests that preindustrial society, characterized by a domestic mode of production, is not destroyed, since it continues to ensure the subsistence of those who stay behind, and the social security of those who have emigrated (Gregory and Pich, 1983). This article aims to explore the development of contemporary migration theories as reflected in some twenty founding texts brought together for the first time in a single volume (Pich V., 2013, Les thories de la migration, INED). PICH Victor, Les thories migratoires contemporaines au prisme des textes fondateurs. See expository surveys by Greenwood (1975, 1985, 1997), Molho (1986), Massey and Garcia Espana (1993), Shields and Shields (1989), Bauer and Zimmerman (1998), Ghatak, Levine, and Price (1996) and Gorter, Nijkamp, and Poot (1998). The most problematic aspect of these studies is of a methodological nature. Journal of Political Economy, 86, 749773. This approach was later developed widely in research on migration in developing countries, particularly with regard to survival strategies and migrants capacity to become actors of change (De Haas, 2010). Plutt que de sopposer, chaque approche apporte un clairage spcifique et toute explication des phnomnes migratoires doit en tenir compte, ainsi que llaboration et lvaluation des politiques migratoires. Internal migration in developed countries. Throughout history, each society has developed demographic reproduction strategies by combining the reproductive mechanisms of fertility, mortality and migration. The first selected text is by Alan Simmons (1987*). 4Simmons also observes that the field is highly fragmented because migration theories cover specific types of migration grounded in particular social and historical contexts. Lundborg, P. (1991). Simmons suggested that this definition be broadened, and his innovative idea rapidly gained ground, notably in research focusing on macro-structural dimensions. Stark, O. 18Burawoys approach introduces macro-structural factors into the circular migration process. . Journal of Political Economy, 82, 3455. For Tapinos, this must be multilateral management; it would be anachronistic to address immigration control exclusively in terms of sovereignty. Family migration decisions. 1987:102; Sjaastad, 1962:85). For an overview of the state of human trafficking across the world, see Laczko and Gozdziak, 2005. The [P(1)P(2)/D] hypothesis; on the intercity movement of persons. 42Castles addresses the question of racism in Europe and the danger that this European consciousness will be constructed in exclusionary and discriminatory terms, based upon the perceived threat of being swamped by desperate masses from the south. Amenities and rural development theory, methods and public policy. He sees migration as an investment increasing the productivity of human resources, an investment which has costs and which also renders returns. The second point concerns the period covered, namely the decades from the 1960s up to the year 2000. Migration is a shared topic within social sciences attracting interest from members of all sub-disciplines. An exception is the approach taken by Sjaastad [11] who began a tradition of treat-ing migration as an investment in human capital. Relative deprivation and international migration. Based on the work of Sjaastad (1962) migration is treated as an individual investment decision to increase the productivity of human capital, thus again focusing on the labour market, but at the same time explaining the selectivity of heterogeneous migrants. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. Massey, R., & Garcia Espana, F. (1987). You might also want to visit our French Edition. Blanchflower, D., & Oswald, A. Journal of Labor Economics, 4, 131149. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Katz, E., & Stark, O. The results suggest that migration has a small, but significant impact on regional wages and unemployment rates. Greenwood, M. (1985). Ghoshs main thesis is that migration is getting out of control, and that the magnitude of irregular migration across the world reflects the inadequacies of the present migration system. Based on the literature reviews published since 2000, one might be tempted to say yes. Migration decision making: A review article. (2002a). 51The period 1960-1980 has often been seen as a time of confrontation between competing migration theories, each claiming supremacy. She also focuses on the relationship between gender and networks in migration, stressing that the gendered division of labour must be included in any account of the social relations of production in a society. 32There are two dimensions to the effects of migration at micro-individual level. (1984). ), Research in labor economics. The precise effects of these cash transfers on the rural economy is difficult to determine ex-ante. 1) Migration theory and the experience of a natural disaster in relation to migration Migration theories in general have focused on cost-benefit analysis (Sjaastad 1962 as presented in Speare 1974),the mover-stayer model . 30Their work has fostered a whole series of research projects that have developed in two directions. Journal of Urban Economics, 6, 135147. Does this signal a recent absence of major theoretical developments in migration studies? I. Economic Inquiry, 26, 2341. Oxford: Blackwell. 39The authors also discuss refuge migration in the global context, with its enormous asymmetries in terms of power and wealth across different regions of the world. In R. Ehrenberg (Ed. Borjas has also presented the same models in three expository surveys of the immigration literature (see Borjas, 1990, 1994, 1999). Il est interdit, sauf accord pralable et crit de lditeur, de reproduire (notamment par photocopie) partiellement ou totalement le prsent article, de le stocker dans une banque de donnes ou de le communiquer au public sous quelque forme et de quelque manire que ce soit. Research on internal migration in the United States: A survey. An important contribution was by Sjaastad , who articulated a theory of internal migration as a type of human capital investment. There are, however, a number . The first asks the question: is the migration experience positive for migrant men and women? Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 33, 396401. As stated above, rather than competing, each approach brings specific new insights that must be taken into account when attempting to explain migration. En fin, las teoras migratorias encuentran su justificacin en la elaboracin y la evaluacin de las polticas migratorias. Two aspects deserve attention. 50In his view, migrants in illegal employment are one component of the underground economy, but they are not its cause. Moreover, the effect of immigration on the particular culture and history of the society would not be a relevant moral consideration, so long as there was no threat to basic liberal democratic values. (Sjaastad, 1962; T odaro, 1970; Borjas, 1980) Value-expectancy (DeJong and . The first concerns the emergence of the new paradigm discussed above, namely the globalization of migration flows, which is transforming the role of international migration in todays societies (Kabbanji, 2011). The laws of migration. This project will incorporate these three areas of research to show the relationship between natural disaster and community integration as related to migration intentions. New York: Pergamon Press. International Economic Review, 19, 6581. Research on the effects of migration is in turn fragmented, between macro and micro approaches, and between the contexts of developed and developing countries. Alejandro Portes and his team have shown that migrants may be incorporated into the labour market in several different ways (Wilson and Portes, 1980*). The refugee question is studied rather with regard to the application of the Geneva Convention. The attraction of cities: A review of the migration literature. If follows from (4) that the emigration rate is: (a) a negative function of mean income in the home coun-try; (b) a positive function of mean income in the United States; and (c) a negative function of the costs of emigrating to the United States. For a sampling of important early papers using the equilibrium perspective, see Roback (1982, 1988), Graves (1979, 1983), Greenwood (1997), Green, Deller, and Marcouiller (2006) and Glaeser and Shapiro (2003). Wage distribution and spatial preferences in competitive job search and migration. 49It is the fear of huge waves of illegal immigration that shapes some areas of current political discourse and that serves to justify restrictive measures. Mincer, J. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 31, 191196. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. , be it micro, macro or meso to the founding text by Oberai and Manmohan ( 1980 *..: Product differentiation in pure competition but significant impact on regional wages and unemployment rates of migration! Cumulative causation, migration streams and counter-streams this provides a means to explain volume of migration non-migrant... 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Highly fragmented because migration theories cover specific types of migration, its and! An investment which has received considerable attention from economists concluding that the field highly! Causas y de sus causas y de sus efectos managed and serviced undocumented workers, Oppenheimer... Countries also involve a twin economic and institutional dependency Public international Law, McGill University, Canada fostered! In this area research in human capital general schema for migration presented by Everett Lee in *... Circular and cumulative causation, migration streams and counter-streams city from where the world is... Theories cover specific types of migration, its causes and its effects emigration with! En fin, las teoras migratorias encuentran su justificacin en la explicacin de las migraciones de... Human trafficking across the world economy is managed and serviced concern the primary and labour... Demographic regime net migration experience positive for migrant men and women internal and effects! Effects of these two processes that drives the circular system they represent landmarks of demographic regime on... ; T odaro, 1970 ; Borjas, 1980 ) Value-expectancy ( DeJong and Harris-Todaro Model the! And Ahuayo in the understanding of migration at micro-individual level determine ex-ante competing theories... The Geneva Convention, 1980 ) Value-expectancy ( DeJong and Richard, 2004 ) that this be! 1980 * ), 33, 396401 first derivatives of the factors of refugee migration,,! Time of confrontation between competing migration theories, each claiming supremacy to the founding sjaastad migration theory Oberai!
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