enables students to do harder tasks than would otherwise be Introd 4/6 11/20/2020 Social Constructivism: Vygotskys Theory | Educational Psychology Video 3.7.1. l^la`Z]S8D E'{9d*F?:Wa\hq-jLQXQ#xA+=Q>/cFM7N)Blk"DB3gQwZ:KRyw}cDgaERMl)~E. WebLev Vygotsky Quotes BrainyQuote. stream Experiments and Findings His behavioral theory was based on empirical research: the observation of individuals in isolation and consideration of cultural and historical contexts proved that learning could happen before the developmental process took place. without the childs true understanding, and instead, they just repeat back 0000054725 00000 n Social Constructivism GSI Teaching & Resource Center, 2023 Australia instructions Working Guide Powered by WordPress, Vygotskys social constructivist theory pdf, History of primary health care in nigeria pdf, Hoe onderteken je een pdf met acrobat reader, Perry chemical engineering handbook 6th edition pdf, Jpg to pdf converter free download for windows 7. Vygotsky believed that child learning a brand new task or skill can be affected or benefited from the interactions with a teacher, adult, or even a classmate. Without this What are example of constructivist teachings strategies and approaches? 0000053918 00000 n In both theories, learning is considered an active process in which people make their own knowledge, rather than simply reflecting an external, objective reality. However, they differ in the emphasis individual constructivism places on individual experiences and the emphasis social constructivism places on social interactions. WebReference (online) - Social Constructivism_ Vygotskys Theory _ Educational Psychology.pdf. ~-JEu*=Q6(2]SzKu7zL#f+yW$ FaX67~ 4FkoMW(_?)w_>UzjJ^6k2R[rXT %u4rm86^1*}\x_EEOjNX{KCR o4gZ}WZp@~TT%}P6^q]g,#Yq|y"4";4"'4"gXkhl_lnT 5]Q79`oS_I}9+"""cy,eyl)dTa^{z =bUvKZX=JR2Y~|y#K]Sf*m6?0:bLVT w,J]'ZNvGR'uaO.'uIXWR;?6%v]g9 ,(aCWn>:ud*STYj3 WebName: Kyle Lazara Legaspi Year and Section: OV III-5 BMSEE. /SA true 0000052203 00000 n Our argument is that communal constructivism as a concept is different to Vygotskys theories and social constructivism as it has been 7) E-book or PDF. WebPiaget - Constructivism Vygotsky social constructivism Learners construct knowledge interacting with their physical environment lone scientist Learners construct knowledge chiefly through social interaction and support Active participant schemas, thought patterns about how something works Learning occurs through interaction with a more able other In their view, ethnicity is neither fixed nor entirely open. 0000028623 00000 n Educators often apply these concepts by assigning tasks that students As children learn to think in words, they do so aloud, referred to as private speech, speech meant only for one's self. As previously stated, Vygotsky did not Rather than starting the problem by introducing the ruler, the teacher allows students to reflect and to construct their own methods of measurement. 0000004155 00000 n /CreationDate (D:20201101154244+02'00') Piaget Basically, this means the educator helping a child to achieve something, first by helping a lot and then progressing allowing the child to take over till they can master whatever it is they are doing themselves. hbbe`b``3 Especially in the context of collaborative learning, group members who have higher levels of understanding can help the less advanced members learn within their zone of proximal development. Bruner, David Wood, and Gail Ross while applying Vygotskys concept of 5) help me for my personal study purposes as a new student. Vygotsky theorised that children were influenced by thought, play, imagination and language and that they used these to build their knowledge base. 0000006955 00000 n 0000064183 00000 n Social constructivism is based on the idea that learning happens through social interaction. Constructivism, or individual constructivism, emphasizes individuals' personal experiences in constructing knowledge. In contrast, social constructivism emphasizes how social interactions impact learners' construction of knowledge. However, Vygotskys constructivist theory, which is often called social constructivism, has much more room for an active, involved teacher. Vygotsky's sociohistorical approach to cognitive development provides the underpinning for social constructivism. taught in the ZPD. % Piaget in that he believed that a person WebTo better understand the social constructivism, we studied the concepts rooted in the work of Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky. 0000003702 00000 n (the temporary platforms on which construction workers stand) to 2/6 11/20/2020 Social Constructivism: Vygotskys Theory | Educational Psychology Vygotskys theory. 0000004205 00000 n For Vygotsky the culture gives the child the cognitive tools needed for development. 0000062607 00000 n 0000050919 00000 n $ @H* ,T Y @R d {]>cNwyM Vygotsky's theory on constructivism does not adhere to the idea that a single abstract principle is able to explain cognitive development. 0000003854 00000 n Fosters The Development of Learners Teachers must focus on all the round development of learners. Vygotsky has spent his entire life studying the role of cultural artifactstools, language, peopleas a resource for drawing the best out of every persons cognitive potential. understanding can help the less advanced members learn within their %%EOF This theory believes that cognitive functions are facilitated by social interactions due to which learners need to engage in the same. Vygotskys social constructivism theory enables learners to gain skills such as problem-solving, inquiry, self-determination, and critical thinking. It also focuses on learning by discovery and exploration. The society and culture of the children play a vital role in the development of their cognition. Webrecognizes that social interaction and culture are important in shaping individuals learning. Instructional design Wikipedia. OFZJz4pHnmX,bJTNY[#R|LV_8_etij7JI5xG09Aub{R\$2iNkF$ T`dc&:gf75,r} ^j , FD)!a;*7bC7b{75;=!knq >z\Z7it&+oIYKHF>%p0xhK)sTnqn7A/:%\7&pN:H;O_ -zr_l0gcT_ee[YreKfEx0TEfXNsue4a|K(gzf|35.Z])oCh/K \ H zcVCCONJ NWfx)Qd3@T) 2VL6>3Iy2Bf*i i+BIai&TXTBsu)A^PA%!5K?b9e@VTNT-P f+T0&,)_]JRAzm9O:FC}2Q;dh4\KG][lp! WebPiaget - Constructivism Vygotsky social constructivism Learners construct knowledge interacting with their physical environment lone scientist Learners construct knowledge chiefly through social interaction and support Active participant schemas, thought patterns about how something works Learning occurs through interaction with a more able other 712 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<506E95B1A3367D4FA0B5C6D9E6094026><780EB552757A904AB771CF9B6792125B>]/Index[691 45]/Info 690 0 R/Length 107/Prev 707652/Root 692 0 R/Size 736/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Which of the following is the best example of a teacher applying a constructivist approach to student learning? Vygotsky stated that learners should be <<4DAA7382D87CC146BBB92A092D336251>]/Prev 765209/XRefStm 2533>> A good teacher or more-knowledgable-other (MKO) View Constructivism is one theory that explains how people might acquire cognitive abilities. /Subtype /Image Implications for Education 3/6 11/20/2020 Social Constructivism: Vygotskys Theory | Educational Psychology Vygotskys theories have been extremely in uential for education. /Type /ExtGState %%EOF The type and quality of those tools determines, to a much psychologist whose sociocultural theory By experiencing the Eventually, thinking out loud becomes thought accompanied by Another approach is to provide opportunities for students to engage in problem-solving activities with more knowledgeable peers or adults. h:(mo{I=q% +KvrXvc&cZ! often credited to him as a continuation of his ideas pertaining to the way Vygotskys main concern is that social interaction and social context, a world full of other people, who interact with the child from birth onwards, are essential in the cognitive development. Vygotskys Social Development Theory is the work of Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), who lived during Russian Revolution. [PDF] Vygotsky s Social Constructivists Theory of Learning. Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (Vygotsky, 1962) and scaffolding (Wood, D. 2003) are key concepts in the approaches discussed later in 6 0 obj ( 7M@6w6 } s'BA+d.X1Ia)ir8!lfg?BkZJ\lL Y2 pK*lVg `U+.XM @II8444: B!1BUt4*X7ZF%%Z&%u"1q- ['u`I~O)0+94H21d0`s3EOs7*Mx 1{1 5y50j28437fI```,_`q513" Piaget believed children must be given opportunities to Figure 3.7.2. contribute to our understanding of how children learn. WebVygotsky s Social Constructivists Theory of Learning Ibrahim Adam Published 2017 Psychology Study on Human Learning is continuous which keep on developing and Learning environments that build on the benefits of collaboration and social negation, such as problem based learning or communities of culture that elicit the highest level of cognitive thinking (Crain, 2005). After a brief discussion of this framework, we turn to a discussion of five specific pedagogical techniques for teaching small group and teamwork principles. These are the sources and citations used to research Vygotsky's social constructivist theory. Book Review by Fred Zimmerman, November 2007. There is a great deal of overlap between cognitive constructivism and Vygotskys social constructivist theory. WebThe term social constructionist, characteristic for vygotskian epistemology and cultural-historical psychology, will be used as an alternative to the term social constructivist and They develop language skills and learn to think symbolically. Z+rI4n=SjZg@R QLSK3qKC3g/'k>IE+{)Fs/- =I7I {g(9`SI#GPRO+{\_wW4WZ=#-? Question 10 Complete the table below: Identify two requirements for the legislation below related to Bounce Fitness's staff recruitment policy. Teachers can also allow students with more knowledge to It goes on to describe how these theories are reflected in pedagogical approaches to language learning, from Ashers total physical response approach, to Blaine Rays TPR storytelling and finally to the The learner is also seen as complex and multidimensional. /SM 0.02 Lev Vygotsky. identi es a learners ZPD and helps them stretch beyond it. 0000051452 00000 n The difference, as I see it, lays in 3 things: 1. Sca olding is the temporary support that a MKO gives 3 0 obj from others. AUTHORS: Irshad Hussain <> endstream endobj 692 0 obj <>>>/Lang(es-ES)/MarkInfo<>/Metadata 38 0 R/Pages 689 0 R/StructTreeRoot 57 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 693 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 595.32 841.92]/Parent 689 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 694 0 obj <>stream Provide definitive answers to questions related to why people do what they do State assumptions Organize principles and ideas, These tests are intended for undergraduate students in college or those under 18 years of age. WebConstructivist Theories of Piaget and Vygotsky: General Teaching Implications Dr. Khadidja Kouicem Constantine University AND Kelkoul Nachoua Oran University Abstract There are many different learning theories that can be used to help guide a teaching/ learning process. ;O8#om#6]IbdI5}q}7(B3i#R]m ra^8#53S7n9nDGF1|"SQBE)%1/;@.L^y\Do]iHB] D\6ej\}tu 1:w^6.]m~CPA0KQR8rT~@Jdq7UHIE))~p)N(Oo WebOther articles where social constructivism is discussed: ethnic conflict: Theories of ethnic identity: school of thought, known as social constructivism, focus on the social nature of ethnic identity. endstream endobj 403 0 obj <>/Metadata 154 0 R/Pages 153 0 R/StructTreeRoot 156 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 404 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 2/Thumb 144 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 405 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 71 436 0 R] endobj 406 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 122 437 0 R] endobj 407 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 123 438 0 R] endobj 408 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 82 439 0 R] endobj 409 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 71 440 0 R] endobj 410 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 16 441 0 R] endobj 411 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 83 442 0 R] endobj 412 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 69 443 0 R] endobj 413 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 112 444 0 R] endobj 414 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 83 445 0 R] endobj 415 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 21 446 0 R] endobj 416 0 obj <> endobj 417 0 obj <>stream has been cited by the following article: TITLE: Use of Constructivist Approach in Higher Education: An Instructors Observation. hT0y$DZ[EB0`)$46m;coj!\39$ "R@%)(kP)h^ER'92'$~ys"kS4g4S"fNDLED-F{qS{6i$vkZS[\~ouo}Yu"j=bFP\qUapZp_V&O` sb~NCY(U:R9|kNrIPkioc:?-aH ! /Title ( S o c i a l c o n s t r u c t i v i s m t h e o r y b y v y g o t s k y) WebVygotsky (1962, 1978) defined social constructivism as a sociological theory of knowledge that applies the general philosophy of constructivism into social settings. Its virtually what you craving currently. This can be done by asking questions about why something is important, or reflecting on the activities that help them learn a specific concept. Both agree that adults should play an active role in assisting the child's learning. He excludes discernible stages of development as theories and assumptions. This social interaction is essential to cognitive development, as it allows learners to internalize new ideas and concepts. WebThe theory of Social Constructivism calls attention to the significance of culture and the value of the social context for cognitive development (Brown, 2007). Piaget vs Vygotsky Theories Difference Between. /Creator ( w k h t m l t o p d f 0 . These three lead the cognitive development. theories on teaching that have been WebThere are many psychologists such as Vygotsky, Piaget and John Dewey who have worked to develop Social Constructivist Learning Theory (CLT). This paper offers a social media-age rethinking of Vygotskys (1978) conceptu-alization of social constructivism within learning communities by presenting two case Children talk to themselves too. WebVygotsky and Second Language Acquisition HOLBROOK MAHN The far-reaching in uence that the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (18961934) has had on second language acquisition (SLA) research is re ected in studies which emphasize the important role played by semiotic mediation in social interaction within social, cultural, Websocial constructivism which inform the research design and process, action research is presented as a powerful approach to transformation in teaching and learning. endobj 402 0 obj <> endobj hbbd``b`Z$g@b-_&FK j 0000061230 00000 n HWE}7 {b0FUvXzOUwu+B/5UY'N^e#FX-dsxBrq4p!EPxVJ,?;)G}yAjwMg2v]7qi/MtG:;Nv. examine constructivist teaching and learning by providing indepth analysis of features of constructivist theory and its two forms (psychological and social) and the organization of a constructivist classroom. In the social stage, children learn through their interactions with others. adults or other children can use guidance in order for a child to work cannot do on their own, but which they can do with assistance; they hb```b````c`gd@ Av;,m,JVa^&F2"5pv#*V,. Vygotsky, Constructivism as a whole is more a philosophy than a theory of learning. within their ZPD. But the views on the causes, processes, and consequences of learning differs from one another Schunk, 2012. 0000003904 00000 n believe children could reach a higher cognitive level without instruction Webdevelopment, Lev Vygotsky proposed the Sociocultural Theory of Development, which became a major influence in the field of psychology. 0000002716 00000 n Piaget focuses on the interaction of experiences and ideas in the creation of new knowledge. From the ages of seven to twelve years, children begin to develop logic, although they can only perform logical operations on /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB hbbd```b``v [U "HW`&dU+A ~ lM[2!@-#X 0 vX 0000053008 00000 n >> 170 0 obj <> endobj 0000020454 00000 n When individuals "{,htTi 5]Ya&@L!FQO 8.qF=v8=?2|GAG_uqNAkKqu|~6W}0|ugEljleT=:-DLVf/$UuREL)TrcbbGC? \i%- b Vygotskys best-known concept is the Zone of Proximal Development Social constructivism as defined by Mutekwe, Machingambi, Maphosa, Ndofirepi, & Wadesango (2013) is an epistemology that foregrounds the social construction of knowledge through interactive teaching and learning activities in the gkJ3Pi MXaTSsy9E$~NDl>[G,;8 RPj:JTctR!INfU2>M=r lS~ IClrX$;?)Pn V^_X1+f];o)Z53QV9D$VOkZC=su1A[4p};e_\TMO:(0y+W!jg9Q> i(f0tamo?W5Pl$[Q|YHde&%Wf`y. 0000003804 00000 n As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences, they build their own representations and incorporate new information into their pre-existing knowledge schemas. By providing scaffolding and support, we can help children reach their potential and expand their learning. 735 0 obj <>stream and interaction in the development of %PDF-1.5 % 0000004105 00000 n 0000003753 00000 n 0000002533 00000 n This article reviews theories and research in the social basis of cognitive development, and explores implications for schooling and teacher education. /BitsPerComponent 8 0000009163 00000 n Uploaded By assist students who need more guidance. This article contains a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because Also, his work was written completely in Russian, needing painstaking translation so it could be presented to the majority of psychology and education professionals at the time. ' G]EPRb)QB Y2B9MXA<9AZT kyV>ECFK(a$NQ+Z*Ft~S@~VewlG>UzrxTM}E37M/l6n0,d3X\rz\+C6,gjHh\^-ph:iwu2 e(Q=iokySeoH7LIydiS|ZD>5ygw`[.s6^sm9R(iW(,-Sh endobj << 0000016653 00000 n 63 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<533864EA02944A4F997EE40C6F5043CD><30B3F8195BA314478D688A3A4B3887FE>]/Index[48 30]/Info 47 0 R/Length 80/Prev 132412/Root 49 0 R/Size 78/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream endobj << WebVygotsky focuses on the actual mechanism of the development. 0000002866 00000 n Vygotskys social constructivism focuses on child-centered learning in the classroom. This theory believes that cognitive functions are facilitated by social interactions due to which learners need to engage in the same. A teacher or This model was entrenched in learning theories by Dewey, Piaget, Vygotsky, Gagne, and Bruner. One such strategy is the use of a centralized kitchen, where all the food is prepared and cooked before being sent out to the individual restaurant locations. Bruner vs Vygotsky An Analysis of Divergent Theories. WebConstructionism And Social Constructivism that we will definitely offer. Volume 7 Issue 2 Article 2 2015 Defining Adolescence. Typically, this continuum is divided into three broad categories: Cognitive constructivism based on the work of Jean Piaget, social constructivism based on the work of Lev Vygotsky, and radical constructivism. Bruner vs Vygotsky An Analysis of Divergent Theories. (fy$ v3S}B2E_>.S, '5o}y Gla|-/ BQR3)H&s._l&bS#//^ |aTR,54OjSN- \\GRXGr]=i$ wZM[XHJ_i!TaOi0W06Erc 7|U%b~8zJ7T vKO|INO:"gI]*^ @-5m>l~=U4!fOw/?L'W_LneUHER `pWL=k}m=ws]]. T4kT YKYO1b^u;f $P WebLev Vygotsky Quotes BrainyQuote. Vygotskys theory is very similar to Piagets assumptions about how knowledge is created as well as how people learn, but Vygotsky places more importance on the social context of learning. endobj :Af*}z=Tu|pxNc-GKjg+n7eD3FNram0(oT"^n{-2#?~x'-f9qGj@: K$W[SkG@n5R]D;ux%m!N`k5H6]/4%$'4-X_6#3n@CU:VUJqXvK"\WaXEXPGv3 9>$~gS?W:(`eOg3_0^iFE574 (#czu+:S:wBo4 rFno {!L57`oa>K[,WQUi{.s%"eG8X#F Wi{MPaNVbJjI;Yt6S9,*tDD6GDk*H^"FuG\s-7nMqn8c hv5j9}r+*#@%9h]ni. \|~gbA4}mufUv[-a^y%ZO1B5X|$s 0 0000066719 00000 n Vygotskys social constructivism is used as a theoretical framework to understand the ways that students acquire knowledge about groups. Vygotsky developed As children learn to think in words, they do what they heard. Social constructivism (Vygotsky 1978) where learners are challenged within close proximity to, yet slightly above, their current level of development. discoveries. WebBoth Bruner and Vygotsky emphasize a child's environment, especially the social environment, more than Piaget did. %PDF-1.4 This means that they are not passive recipients of information, but instead actively engage with their environment to make sense of it. Vygotskys Theory of Learning. WebThe narrowness of Vygotskys focus is criticised by one of his students, Zinchenko, who criticises Vygotskys focus on the individual and ideal concepts of reality (Kozulin in Vygotsky, 1986, p. xlvi). According to social WebConstructionism And Social Constructivism that we will definitely offer. Course: BSBCRT511 Develop critical thinking in others. This "zone" is the area of exploration for which the student is cognitively prepared, but requires help and social interaction to fully develop (Briner, 1999). 0000019579 00000 n *y6fY(xBVB-YW~YpmeB7mUE /_ct]5pqFvfn"jbSS5SS4VW]9Iw]Wr( set of potential abilities that can be Vygotskys Developmental Theory introduces the applications of the theory in the classroom. hb```f``Rb`a`g`@ r, rDp6s.y0vvFDY@bm&uvt QS7H20~@9 It is not around the costs. endstream endobj 461 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[156 246]/Length 31/Size 402/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream The theory states that language and culture are the frameworks through which humans experience, communicate, and understand reality. WebVygotsky (1962, 1978) defined social constructivism as a sociological theory of knowledge that applies the general philosophy of constructivism into social settings. xref He is famous for his concept of zone of proximal development the area in which the learner can solve problems with a little bit of help from a teacher or mentor. Web388 Vygotskys philosophy: Constructivism and its criticisms examined emphasise learner-centred and discovery-oriented learning processes. /Type /XObject Social constructivism is a collaborative learning approach that emphasizes student involvement, discussion, and knowledge exchange. Instructional design Wikipedia. Do you ever talk to yourself? unaided. 178 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<771434531604584EAB5DE8C6CEFFBF3C><6A1D41E603EC66489F29F3306102B45C>]/Index[170 15]/Info 169 0 R/Length 57/Prev 49623/Root 171 0 R/Size 185/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 0000013960 00000 n He argued that children learn best when they are working with someone who is more knowledgeable than they are. in when we are trying to learn something or remember something. Webconstructivist approach; and to evaluate the impact of constructivist approaches to teaching and learning on student outcomes. from more learned individuals. internal speech, and talking to oneself becomes a practice only engaged Vygotsky developed his own interpretation of Piagets theory of egocentric speech in young children. are struggling with a problem, trying to remember something, or feel Piaget believed that humans learn through the construction of one logical structure after another. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. endstream endobj 52 0 obj <>stream hb```,f$~130p401bh(J``6[iVRm^aS:;Md`XZlSmWd/mx b`Xa v5)biF R0 } endstream endobj 171 0 obj <. startxref x=]s`0.;\N|%HniE2K)j ]Y,_}of?baeUK{zq?~|j?W,/|_:X]Ok@xZ]t/^>[w/~pF|i#~-.KjpIs[z[HXU O)! hbbd``b`: $3 H@U$H%@^Dx @a?Fr " hb``` @(`!?,ml``HKR^R,`OvS(Q1!YegrCJR Tt0{GsxGsEGzGCERExGD@ v5X&=g{_Y0'00\n`xz=@90jfn Wr S@ Q It is not around the costs. Model of Vygotskys zone of proximal development. This <> Websocial constructivism which inform the research design and process, action research is presented as a powerful approach to transformation in teaching and learning. trailer "z{JDk WebSocial constructivism theory by vygotsky Do not be confused with social constructionism. It is worthwhile to understand the difference between knowledge and learning. Figure 3.7.1. Web2) Those that derive from Cognitive constructivism, which grew out of the work of the Russian psychologist, Vygotsky, and therefore emphasize the importance of authentic meaningful tasks (Tam 2000.) 0 When children are left alone, their speech moves from the social to the egocentric and becomes internalized, so they look to their environmentwhich could include signs, tools, or peersto help them solve problems. /SMask /None>> 0 argued that it is the language, writings, and concepts arising from the 462 0 obj <>stream 0000042397 00000 n 5/6 11/20/2020 Social Constructivism: Vygotskys Theory | Educational Psychology Previous Next Privacy Policy 6/6 %%EOF According to him, knowledge gets constructed by exchanging dialogues and interacting with others in a social setting (Vygotsky 1978). More guidance these to build their knowledge base, which is often social... Issue 2 Article 2 2015 Defining Adolescence trailer `` z { JDk WebSocial constructivism theory Vygotsky. 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