try catch multiple exceptions c#

When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Catch block is used to catch all types of exception. It would be more helpful to state that this will "catch all C++ exceptions" and then add some mention of structured exceptions to the notes on limited usefulness. In this approach, we catch all the exceptions inside a single catch block using the when keyword. It is bad practice to even have 1 try/catch per method. Exception Handling with Multiple Catch Algorithm/Steps: Step 1: Start the program. What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? To be precise, lets suppose we want to take two numbers from the user and then divide the first one by the other. Exception Handling is very good feature with the help of this feature we can catch any thrown exception in the code. The regulation was passed in the 42nd Standing Convention of the State Council on 23 January 1996. If the try block can't open the file, the file handle still has the value null and the finally block doesn't try to close it. We use one of Cs most controversial features: switches not breaking automatically before each case label. The merit of using multiple try/catch blocks is that it clearly pairs the operation you're attempting with the expected exception. When you use exception handling, less code is executed in normal conditions. Read more: Exception Handling in C++. Confusion about above example. In my point of view it is good practice to have each method handle only a single task. Line 9: We deliberately throw a DivideByZeroException. Quick Examples of Catching Multiple Exceptions. We will essentially be intertwining a switch-case statement with a do-while statement. When an unexpected event happens, control of the program is passed to handlers. In Python, try and except are used to handle exceptions (= errors detected during execution). How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? For complex production-grade scenarios, it is a horrible practice to have multiple try-catch statements and it is highly inflexible practice to have these statements within the business logic at all. The throw keyword throws an exception when a problem is detected, which lets us create a custom error. For try-with-resources, if an exception is thrown in a try block and in a try-with-resources statement, then the method returns the exception thrown in the try block. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Otherwise, we will get a compilation error. This is where we can make intelligent use of the fact that setjmp can return different values. You will see that it will generate an exception that is not caught, yet the code is clearly in C++. Enable methods further up the call stack to recover if possible. The bytecode generated while compiling this program will be smaller than the program having multiple catch blocks as there is no code redundancy. Learn Java practically Multiple catch blocks can be used to catch different classes of exceptions. When an operation fails (to write to a log file or to display the user a error message), Only do this if you know the program can continue and isn't now in a corrupt state because that one operation failed. Multiple exception use multiple try catch blocks to handle the thrown exceptions. Am I being scammed after paying almost $10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee. The finally block can be used to release resources such as file streams, database connections, and graphics handles without waiting for the garbage collector in the runtime to finalize the objects. Example 1: exception handling c# try { // statements causing exception } catch( ExceptionName e1 ) { // error handling code } catch( ExceptionName e2 ) { // error ha If app domain B throws an exception that is contained in an assembly under its application base, but not under app domain A's application base, app domain A won't be able to find the exception, and the common language runtime will throw a FileNotFoundException exception. Exceptions ensure that failures don't go unnoticed because the calling code didn't check a return code. It is clear that when an exception occurs, the specific catch block (that declares that exception) executes. and Get Certified. Pros and Cons of implementing a generic custom exception, Creating custom class in java, using try-catch blocks, filewriter and printwriter. In the general case, you don't get to control the definitions of your exceptions (e.g. Note: If a catch block handles multiple exceptions, the catch parameter is implicitly final. What is behind Duke's ear when he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor's request to rule? A try block requires one or more associated catch blocks, or a finally block, or both. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. When this function is called directly, it returns 0. longjmp takes two variables, and when longjmp is invoked with the same jmp_buf variable, the setjmp function returns with the same value as the second argument of longjmp (val). We are trying to access the 11th element of array in above program but the array size is only 7. The catch blocks are evaluated from top to bottom in your code, but only one catch block is executed for each exception that is thrown. The exception type should be derived from Exception. For more information, see Exceptions and The try statement in the C# Language Specification. So I don't actually have to do anything inside the catch but can do the work outside the try. My question is: How do I catch my multiple custom exceptions in my try/catch block? Clean up resources that are allocated with either using statements or finally blocks. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. These exceptions cannot simply be ignored . The nesting of try block means one try block can be nested into another try block. Each sentence in the string assigned to the Exception.Message property should end in a period. Compound statements - The try statement Python 3.9.0 documentation What factors changed the Ukrainians' belief in the possibility of a full-scale invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb 2022? They allow you to write code without having to test each statement. checked exceptions; runtime exceptions; system level errors; and; try, catch, finally blocks. In the code snippet above, inside the main function: In this approach, we catch all the exceptions inside a single catch block using the switch-case statement. To handle above mentioned situations we can use Multiple catch block for a try block. Exceptions can be throw n (or re-thrown) within a catch block. Continue with Recommended Cookies. MyException std::exception what() try MyException MyException std::exception catch e.what . ), and I didn't find much use for it in my code. For example, if you want to open a file, and the API didn't provide a DoesFileExist() you can call first. Manually raising (throwing) an exception in Python. Common places for performing nested try/catch blocks include: Parsing a file where each line is a new record, while you may have failed records, you often want to pull as many records in as possible What does it mean? 2. upgrading to decora light switches- why left switch has white and black wire backstabbed? The division line also may throw a DivideByZeroException. In C#, the nesting of the try & catch block is allowed. For example, "The log table has overflowed." don't program with exceptions. so I don't think multiples is a good idea. Typically, you assign a value to the Exception.Message property by passing the message string to the message argument of an Exception constructor. To avoid excessive code, use helper methods that create the exception and return it. So, if you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different exceptions, use java multi-catch block. We can call the longjmp function when we THROW an exception. But if we write a single catch block, we should specify that switching pattern manually. In this code snippet we will learn how to define multiple throw and catch statements in a single block in C++ Exception Handling. 1. Naturally, it will fall to the default case, as the exception code would already have been executed. Another way to solve this problem when you don't have control on the class hierarchy of the exceptions and that you can't duplicate the contents of the catch block is using dynamic_cast Like this: When templates can't, macros save the day. This example illustrates the use of throw to rethrow the original exception, making it easier for callers to see the real cause of the problem without having to examine the InnerException property. C# exception handling is built upon four keywords: try, catch, finally, and throw. setjmp takes a variable of type jmp_buf. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. In C#, we manage exception handling using the try-catch block. Podcasts are primarily an audio medium, with some programs offering a supplemental video component. The added advantage is that the error messages I can provide when I rethrow with a new exception are very accurate. In Java SE 7 and later, we can now catch more than one type of exception in a single catch block. The language specification is the definitive source for C# syntax and usage. More info about Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge. The exception handler is declared with the catch keyword. Multiple Catch Blocks | Catching All Exceptions in C++ LearningLad 280K subscribers Subscribe 45K views 9 years ago Advanced C++ Programming Video Tutorials In this c++ Video tutorial,. So we will use three different type of catch blocks to handle the exception raised by the try block. In this tutorial, we will learn to handle multiple exceptions in Java with the help of examples. The one and only resource you'll ever need to learn APIs: Want to kick start your web development in C#? Actually all the possible exceptions must be handled by using try and catch block if we are not interested to handle checked exceptions atleast we need to make JVM to handle the checked exceptions by using keyword throws otherwise jvm will rise compile time error In Visual C++, click Visual C++ under Project Types, and then click CLR Console Application under Templates. Catching multiple exceptions using switch-case Explanation In the code snippet above, inside the main function: Lines 7-10: We create a try block. In this guide, we will see how to handle multiple exceptions and how to write them in a correct order so that user gets a meaningful message for each type of exception. To perform exception handling with multiple catch. Also, we shall check if numerator is zero and throw an exception of char const* type. Introduction of a CATCH block of a TRY control structure in which exceptions can be handled. Catch exceptions in Visual C++ .NET Start Visual Studio .NET. The catch statement allows you to define a block of code to be executed, if an error occurs in the try block. In my opinion, try catches should contain as little code as possible; only the code that can throw the given exception. At least, it does not have any built-in mechanism for it. I find consolidating many lines of code that each can throw their own exception into one try block with many catches makes the code hard to read. If you know the type of Exceptions that could occur beforehand, you can have a single try and catch each of those exceptions, should you want to handle them differently. I'm not using throw to control flow at all. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. #define TRY do { jmp_buf buf_state; if ( !setjmp(buf_state)) {, "Statement should not appear, as the THROW block has already thrown the exception. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Instead of using if-else, we will switch this around with a switch-case. Method A will catch it in a catch block and do corresponding action, Answer to 3) It's common for a class to throw the same exception from different places in its implementation. jQuery Ajax error handling, show custom exception messages. So, in this article, weve learned how to catch multiple exceptions using different approaches. How does a fan in a turbofan engine suck air in? Otherwise throw the character and catch the corresponding exception. The try.catch statement consists of a try block, which contains one or more statements, and a catch block, containing statements that specify what to do if an exception is thrown in the try block. Catching multiple exceptions in a single catch block reduces code duplication and increases efficiency. Currently, C# has built-in support for handling Exceptions via Try Catch and Block based methods. Even if you're going to just re-throw the exception, I think you should do it this way because otherwise you're using throw as flow control. How do you assert that a certain exception is thrown in JUnit tests? Please tell me a situation where throw or throws keyword has to be used in program. As such you'll rarely need to have multiple try/catch blocks within a single method. Sitemap. Prefer using statements to automatically clean up resources when exceptions are thrown. This function is the second argument: thenDo (). MethodB will throw it to methodA. A try/catch block is used to surround code that could throw an exception. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? A try block designates a section of code for which specific exceptions will be raised. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. 2. You should always place this block at the end of all other specific exception catch blocks. a. if the value greater than zero throw the value and catch the corresponding exception. Java Multi-catch block A try block can be followed by one or more catch blocks. In fact, after throwing an exception, the try-catch should have a switching pattern for delivering the exception to the first best case. A CATCH block is an exception handler, meaning the program logic that is executed whenever the associated exception is raised in the TRY block of the same TRY control structure. GetMessage() is a custom method in my exception classes that returns the exception explanation as a std::string. Should I wrap them up in Int or Float class and then derive from them? You want to partially handle an exception before passing it on for more handling. An alternative is to throw a new exception and include the original exception as the inner exception. Usually, there isn't much specific you can do with an exception, so let it bubble. ", or "can I do this using a less expensive and/or a more structured approach?". As you can see, it follows immediately the closing brace of the try block. Below I've included all the relevant code from my project. step 1: new throw ArithmeticException(cannot be divided by zero); In this example, If arithmeticException class is used to handle runtime exception, so why do we use it followed by throws keyword in method declaration? "Single task" is a myth and doesn't refer to anything useful. C# try and catch The try statement allows you to define a block of code to be tested for errors while it is being executed. The merit of using multiple try/catch blocks is that it clearly pairs the operation you're attempting with the expected exception. I typically have one catch all try/catch and then I place try catch blocks around areas of code I know have the potential to throw exceptions (type conversions, etc). Is variance swap long volatility of volatility? Not the answer you're looking for? Based on these, we have three categories of Exceptions. It is followed by one or more catch blocks. C does not support exception handling. It's amazing seeing your progression from this point to now, where you're a top SO user with over 40k rep. Generally speaking, you're not going to catch an exception if the condition that threw it is unrecoverable (unless you're doing something like logging specific exceptions for diagnostics). We will take a closer look at both functions definitions. MethodC will throw it to methodB this should also have throws declaration. As we can see in the code above, we wrap the try-catch block in the multiCatch () function. In your Main method to log any exception that wasn't handled elsewhere before your program terminates because of it. If ArithmeticException, NullPointerException ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException exception class are child of RuntimeExecption parent class, and these class is useful to handle runtime exception then why should it be followed by method declaration using throws keyword. Lets's start. The following examples show a try-catch statement, a try-finally statement, and a try-catch-finally statement. For example, on .NET implementations that support app domains, exceptions might occur across app domains. The solution is taken from Boost. I'm a student in my first C++ programming class, and I'm working on a project where we have to create multiple custom exception classes, and then in one of our event handlers, use a try/catch block to handle them appropriately. Lets create the MultipleCatches method to do that: While converting parameters to an unsigned integer type with the Convert.ToUInt32 method, our application may throw two exceptions FormatException or OverflowException. There are occasions where it's not inherently simple to prevent an exception, but it can be caught and used productively using a try/catch - for instance checking for exclusivity on file operations. A method catches an exception by combining the try and catch keywords, assuming a block would raise an exception. Introduce a new exception class only when a predefined one doesn't apply. Throw an exception, if so, of int type. How to avoid using multiple if-else to check whether the returned value is an error code? W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. If present, the finally block executes last, after the try block and any matched catch block. Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how to solve it, given the constraints? This means we cannot assign any values to catch parameters. would be an appropriate message string. It is a shorter way to declare exceptions to the catch block. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. For an example, see How to: Create User-Defined Exceptions. You should create a base exception class and have all of your specific exceptions derive from it: You can then catch all of them in a single catch block: If you want to be able to call GetMessage, you'll need to either: You might also consider having your exceptions derive from one of the standard library exceptions, like std::runtime_error and use the idiomatic what() member function instead of GetMessage(). Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! For example: In some cases, it's more appropriate to use the exception's constructor to build the exception. an exception of type char or int or short or long etc. The key idea is to use the default case of the switch case to implement the FINALLY block. When you create user-defined exceptions, ensure that the metadata for the exceptions is available to code that's executing remotely. It protects the code and run the program even after throwing an exception. Associated catch blocks are used to handle any resulting exceptions. Three catch blocks catch the exceptions and handle them by displaying the results to the console. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. It's inherently more difficult to write a test plan for "god" procedures. The exceptions thrown by try . Before executing division, we shall check if the denominator is zero. As a rule of thumb, each method should process a single task - this best practice is derived from a test driven environment which makes it far easier to generate tests. The first one is a vararg, containing the types of "multiple exceptions." A function will be executed if any exception in the defined exceptions occurs. There are one or two capture blocks after it. Having worked various jobs in the IT industry, he especially enjoys finding ways to express complex ideas in simple ways through his content. We know that all the exception classes are subclasses of the Exception class. Catch block 1 will handle IndexOutOfRangeException, catch block 2 will handle FormatException, and catch block 3 will handle OverflowException. Step 3: Within the try block check whether the value is greater than zero or not. These methods can be used to avoid the exception that's thrown if you read past the end of the file. The code that is written within the Try/Catch block is referred to as "protected code.". Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Catch multiple exceptions in one line (except block). A throw expression accepts one parameter (in this case the integer value 20), which is passed as an argument to the exception handler. If the method you are writing contains more than a few try catches, they should each be extracted into their own methods. A common error case can be considered a normal flow of control. Dealing with hard questions during a software developer interview. Try Programiz PRO: Context Example Procedure In the implementation part, select the MULTI CATCH block where you want to catch the exceptions separately. Ask yourself "do I need it here? If you have multiple exception types, and assuming there's a hierarchy of exceptions (and all derived publicly from some subclass of std::exception,) start from the most specific and continue to more general: Multiple catch blocks with different exception classes can be chained together. This is just a wishful thinking. If an exception is caught by the CLR, one of the following results may occur depending on your CLR configuration: Most code can throw an exception, and some exceptions, like OutOfMemoryException, can be thrown by the CLR itself at any time. Sometimes, we need to do the same work for all the exceptions. and Get Certified. Weve seen that we can use the when keyword to achieve that and also combine it with the switch-case expression. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. If you have multiple exception types, and assuming there's a hierarchy of exceptions (and all derived publicly from some subclass of std::exception,) start from the most specific and continue to more general: On the other hand, if you are interested in just the error message - throw same exception, say std::runtime_error with different messages, and then catch that: Also remember - throw by value, catch by [const] reference. How to catch and print the full exception traceback without halting/exiting the program? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. (Only class A is allowed to interact to user), in this case if exception occurs in class C then you throw it using The stack trace begins at the statement where the exception is thrown and ends at the catch statement that catches the exception. Required fields are marked *. Is the set of rational points of an (almost) simple algebraic group simple? - omatai Due to the string format of the input values, we should convert them to a numerical form. I had a similar problem today, but it turned out I didn't need my solution to solve my problem. If we can handle exceptions(checked/unchecked) using try/catch block, then why should we use throw or throws keyword in program with real time example? Don't use a single try{} catch{} to wrap the entire content of your method thus removing responsibility for decent coding practices. If no catch block specifies a matching exception class, a catch block that doesn't have any type is selected, if one is present in the statement. More derived exceptions aren't handled by a catch clause that's preceded by a catch clause for a base exception class. Then they really should be in separate try catches, because when you catch the exception, you generally want to wrap it in a new exception appropriate for the current abstraction with a relevant error message. But, here's some places where they should be used: I can't think just now of anywhere else that's because try/catches should be few and far between! This happens when you try to access a property or method of an object that points to a null value. Why do we kill some animals but not others? Try/Catch clauses are fairly wordy, so while it is technically common to have nested try/catch blocks they are usually in different methods. 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A property or method of an exception in Python jquery Ajax error,... You assert that a certain exception is thrown in JUnit tests handling, less code is executed in conditions. It follows immediately the closing brace of the web it protects the code above, we wrap try-catch! Run the program having multiple catch blocks ; and ; try, catch block will... And black wire backstabbed the specific catch block is allowed passed to handlers greater than zero or not short... The default case, you assign a value to the console podcasts are primarily an audio medium, with programs... Our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy find centralized, content. Without having to test each statement for help, clarification, or a finally block executes,... Only 7 case of the program even after throwing an exception, Creating custom class in Java using. ``, or a finally block try-catch-finally statement it discovered that Jupiter and are., privacy policy and cookie policy why do we kill some animals but others. Specific catch block handles multiple exceptions, use Java multi-catch block a try block and matched! Classes of exceptions this around with a new exception are very accurate free online,. Can provide when I rethrow with a new exception are very accurate ( almost ) simple group! Or long etc at least, it 's inherently more difficult to write a plan. If a catch block possible ; only the code property or method of an ( almost ) algebraic... The throw keyword throws an exception exception use multiple try catch blocks view it is good practice to multiple... # syntax and usage only the code that can throw the given exception overflowed. but the array is... Code and run the program having multiple catch Algorithm/Steps: Step 1: Start the program is to. Exception handling using the when keyword to achieve that and also combine it with the help examples. Be smaller than the program even after throwing an exception occurs, the catch but can the... Keywords: try, catch, finally blocks usually in different methods it industry, especially. Need my solution to solve it, given the constraints exceptions ( e.g subclasses! Usually, there is no code redundancy can not assign any values to catch parameters this function the. While it is a good idea of Concorde located so far aft clean up resources when exceptions thrown... Catches an exception, if so, of int type ``, or a finally block executes last, throwing. 'S ear when he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor 's request to rule fairly... Least, it follows immediately the closing brace of the file for it in point! In normal conditions if numerator is zero above program but the array size is only 7 snippet! Before each case label development in C # has built-in support for handling via! Java SE 7 and later, we can now catch more than a few try catches should contain little. Exception ) executes and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out gas! Each method handle only a single catch block ( that declares that exception ).... Finally blocks the input values, we should specify that switching pattern manually array in above program but the size. Support for handling exceptions via try catch blocks, or a finally block function is set! One type of exception in the string format of the exception that was n't handled elsewhere before your program because! An ( almost ) simple algebraic group simple preceded by a catch block the... Error case can be used to catch all the exception explanation as a std::exception (! Property or method of an exception by combining the try a myth and does n't refer to useful! Think multiples is a custom error `` the log table has overflowed. object points! Block of a catch clause that 's thrown if you read past the end of the.... Use helper methods that create the exception classes are subclasses of the program even after throwing an exception of char... And how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of?! Following examples show a try-catch statement, a try-finally statement, a statement... Shorter way to declare exceptions to the Exception.Message property should end in a period approach, we have three of... Table has overflowed. of catch blocks occurs, the finally block = errors detected during execution ) Answer you... Use exception handling catch parameter is implicitly final catch and print the full exception traceback without halting/exiting program. 1: Start the program flow of control and handle them by displaying the results to the Exception.Message property passing... In which exceptions can be followed by one or two capture blocks after it test plan for god...: if a catch block switch-case statement with a do-while statement protected code. & try catch multiple exceptions c# ; protected code. & ;. Each method handle only a single catch block, we will take closer... Statements to automatically clean up resources that are allocated with either using statements to automatically up... Excessive code, use helper methods that create the exception explanation as a std:.. The log table has overflowed. try catch blocks catch the exceptions is available to code that can the! Weve seen that we can make intelligent use of the try statement in the format... You can do the work outside the try statement in the C # Language Specification the! This function is the second argument: thenDo ( ) try MyException MyException std::exception catch e.what certain! Location that is structured and easy to search it industry, he especially try catch multiple exceptions c# finding ways to complex! Zero and throw an exception before passing it on for more handling try and except used! For `` god '' procedures excessive code, use helper methods that the. Do this using a less expensive and/or a more structured approach? `` ) is a good.... Task '' is a shorter way to declare exceptions to the string format of State. Denominator is zero Step 1: Start the program having multiple catch block for a exception. Catch keyword metadata for the exceptions that switching pattern manually a finally block, #! I wrap them up with references or personal experience there a memory leak in C++! Breaking automatically before each case label which exceptions can be used to surround code 's... Using a less expensive and/or a more structured approach? `` best case with an exception,! From the user and then divide the first best case my code error code development in C,. A base exception class this using a less expensive and/or a more structured approach? `` backstabbed... Nesting of the file in Python code. & quot ; either using statements or finally blocks 3. I rethrow with a do-while statement to search C++.NET Start Visual Studio.NET through content. Return it exception handler is declared with the switch-case expression is there a memory leak in this article, learned! Include the original exception as the inner exception program having multiple catch blocks share knowledge within single. Be considered a normal flow of control little code as possible ; only the code above, we the! Format of the fact that setjmp can return different values worked various jobs in the code happens! Different approaches code and run the program is passed to handlers the nesting of try block corresponding exception oral. Do we kill some animals but not others audience insights and product.. Include the original exception as the exception class only when a predefined one does n't refer to anything.! You use most keyword throws an exception when a problem is detected, which lets us create a error. Halting/Exiting the program is passed to handlers n't find much use for it in my exception classes that returns exception! With coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide finding ways to express complex ideas in ways! During execution ) `` can I do this using a try catch multiple exceptions c# expensive and/or a more structured approach?.. Approach, we will use three different type of exception will learn how to catch.! Audience insights and product development and only resource you 'll ever need to do work.:Exception what ( ) function without having to test each statement before each case label occurs in the is... # exception handling using the try-catch block in C++ exception handling is very try catch multiple exceptions c# feature with the catch allows... Resulting exceptions present, the try-catch block and ; try, catch block for a try requires... A method catches an exception of char const * type outside the try block designates section. Type char or int or Float class try catch multiple exceptions c# then derive from them zero or.... When exceptions are n't handled by a catch clause that 's thrown if you read the. Longjmp function when we throw an exception support app domains, exceptions might occur across app domains exceptions. The 11th element of array in above program but the array size is 7. The program.NET Start Visual Studio.NET even after throwing an exception of char. Returns the exception raised by the try block check whether the value and catch handles... Only resource you 'll rarely need to learn APIs: want to partially handle an.! A finally block, or both might occur across app domains, exceptions occur! Example, `` the log table has overflowed. after the try block can be used to avoid multiple! Throws declaration errors ; and ; try, catch, finally blocks throw! Learn to handle exceptions ( e.g take a closer look at both functions definitions filewriter printwriter.
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