Administrative Agency; Administrative Law and Procedure; Code of Federal Regulations; Federal Register; Public Administrative Bodies; Quasi-Legislative. (a) A word or a term, defined in this section, has the same meaning throughout this regulation (48 CFR chapter 1), unless- (1) The context in which the word or term is used clearly requires a different meaning; or (2) Another FAR part, subpart, or section provides a different definition for the particular part or portion of the part. Ostensibly neutral procedures, then, create inequitable law enforcement and may also help reproduce the problems that led to the initial pollution-control legislation. 1995 European SocialPolicy: Between Fragmentation and Integration. The foci of Derthick and Quirk (1985) and Szasz (1986) converge to highlight the role played by academic and policy think-tank experts in paving the way for and promoting pro-competitive regulatory reform. All these processes simultaneously promote economic liberalization and the regulatory state. 2. Mitnick (1980) also provides an overview of government regulatory forms and contrasts regulation by directive (e.g., administrative and adjudicative rule making) with regulation by incentive (e.g., tax incentives, effluent charges, and subsidies). Liberalization may involve changing government rules rather than eliminating them (Vogel 1996). Steinmetz, George 1997 "Social Class and the Reemergence of the Radical Right in Contemporary Germany." Lange and Regini (1989) and Regini (1995) reject such an all-encompassing definition of regulation in favor of a somewhat narrower one. Finally, "entrepreneurial politics" characterizes the dynamics of mobilization around policies that offer widely distributed benefits but narrowly concentrated costs. Encyclopedia of Sociology. Because regulations are not the work of the legislature, they do not have the effect of law in theory; but in practice, regulations can have an important effect in determining the outcome of cases involving regulatory activity. Wilson, James Q. evolved through the intricate interplay between these two supranational bodies, within the range of outcomes tolerated by member states. Pollution control, antidiscrimination, consumer protection, occupational safety and health, employment relations, and antitrust are examples of regulatory policies. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples 1. the act of adjusting or state of being adjusted to a certain standard. Administrative agencies, often called "the bureaucracy," perform a number of different government functions, including rule making. This is a tall order, but the seeds have been planted in scholarship like that of Vogel (1996), which is equally sensitive to economic and organizational interests and resources, to political structures and rules, and to regulatory cultures (see also the empirically informed analytic frameworks offered in, e.g., Scharpf 1997b; Stryker 1996). So is the interstate highway system. See full entry 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. Eisner, Mark Allen 1991 Antitrust and the Triumph ofEconomics: Institutions, Expertise and Policy Change. Because 400.3 (m) of the regulations currently defines "government securities" to have the . Federal Laws and Regulations | USAGov Federal Laws and Regulations Learn some of the basics about U.S. laws, regulations, and executive orders, and discover resources to find out more. As Majone (1994) points out, deregulatory ideologies and politics in the United States were preceded by decades of scholarship on the economics, politics, and law of government regulatory processes. Theory: Strategic Narrative and Sociological Explanation." Regulation. Yet markets are not without t, Stigler, George Joseph . Cambridge, Mass. Derthick, Martha, and Paul Quirk 1985 The Politics ofDeregulation. . Your "From," "To," "Reply-To," and routing information . It is no accident that European scholars in the 1990s are devoting heightened attention to government regulation and are also beginning to conceive of it more similarly to their U.S. counterparts (see, e.g., Majone 1994; Scharpf 1997a; Vogel 1996). Finally, although capture of government regulators by regulated parties can and does occur (see Sabatier 1975; Sanders 1981), it need not. Scholarly emphasis in the 1990s on economic globalization and its consequences has added to an already rich literature on government regulation, deregulation, and re-regulation. Vogel categorizes diverse reregulatory styles and processes in terms of two dimensions: whether the emphasis is more on liberalization or more on reregulation, and whether the reregulation undermines or enhances government control over industry. Technologically induced global market changes in particularly dynamic sectors like telecommunications and financial services compel governments to respond in some way, but without setting the terms of the response. On the other hand, the broadest definitions conceive of regulation as government action affecting private businesses or citizens. First, no general theory or perspective on regulation enjoys unqualified support when stacked up against the variety and complexity of regulatory experiences. A Regulation is an official rule. Class theorists stress how regulatory enforcement and cycles of regulation and deregulation evolve over time in response both to the structural constraints of a capitalist economy and to active struggles over regulation by classes and class segments. Journal of Economic Literature 29:16031643. Differences in regime organization affect especially whowhether political parties, bureaucrats, and so forthwill control reform processes, whether government officials will try to refrain state capabilities, and what capabilities government officials will try to retain or develop for themselves in the reform process. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution. Vogel's (1996) framework fundamentally reorients scholars to distinguish concepts of deregulation and reregulation and to approach both in terms of an overarching perspective that considers regulation, deregulation, and reregulation as part of the broader study of regulatory change. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. The work of Majone (1994) and Boyer (1996), among others, suggests that political learning occurs through the experience and interpretation of regulatory failures as well as of market failures. Instead, as politicalinstitutional perspectives on regulation would suggest, governments initiate regulatory reform and shape reregulation in their own interests. Large companies have greater access to agency proceedings than do small companies. Corporate officials seldom are prosecuted for criminal violations because the corporate form makes it hard to locate individual culpability. Self-Control . Organizations such as the American Bar Association are working toward eliminating such discretion in administrative agencies. [.] Because regulation is not just an object of scholarly inquiry but also an ongoing political process, it is easy to confuse normative perspectives on regulation with explanations for the empirical phenomenon. Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English, A necessary condition of a healthy economy is freedom from the petty tyranny of massive, The earlier economists were occupied with the need of removing restrictions on free commerce, and, Suppose further that the judge rejects the argument and rules against the plaintiff, upholding the challenged, Specifically, physicians will be subject to more, Corporate responsibility is a great goal, but the best way to ensure it is intelligent, He was also inimical to fuller voting rights and hostile to, While on issues like marriage equality this can make them seem liberal, on issues of taxation and, How many poor have enough spare time and resources to navigate the maze of, My greatest concern is based on an extreme resistance to a one-size fits all approach to the. This leaves the regulatory agency with few political resources to confront strong, well-organized regulatory parties with a large stake in agency outcomes. A rule of order having the force of law, prescribed by a superior or competent authority, relating to the actions of those under the authority's control. Further work should continue to address diversity and change over time and place in regulatory scope, levels, institutional forms, and cultural justifications. Finally, because no unit of government has complete control over any given policy from legislation through funding and implementation, parties bearing the cost of regulation need thwart regulation at only one point in the process, while supporters of regulation must promote it effectively at all points. The Federal Communications Commission must interpret laws regulating broadcasting; the Treasury Department issues regulations interpreting the Internal Revenue Code; and the Board of Governors of the federal reserve System issues regulations governing the actions of Federal Reserve banks. To be a small business, vendors must adhere to industry size standards established by the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) . In the regulatory arena, the ECJ has been as important as, or even more important than, the Commission (see, e.g., Leibfried and Pierson 1995). To the question of why governments would take action apparently against their own interests, Vogel answers "they don't." Sanders (1981) shows that the regulation of natural gas in the United States has been a function of four sets of regionally based economic interests, including gas producer regions of the United States and gas consumer regions, as well as of electoral rules and structures. Cambridge, Mass. "Government Regulation Regulatory capture results when the costs of regulation fall upon a concentrated group (e.g., a particular industry such as railroads or airlines) and the benefits of regulation fall upon a diffuse group (e.g., consumers). Viewed either way, the subject remains an interdisciplinary growth industry, with contributions made by political scientists, economists, legal scholars, historians, and sociologists. Fifth, empirical building blocks are being constructed for overarching concepts and theories that account for variation in regulatory regimes and for regulatory change, whether toward increased or decreased regulation or from one institutional principle (e.g., command and control) to another (e.g., market incentives). By the late 1980s the Court's interpretations of article 199 [of the Treaty of Rome], Commission-fostered directives that [gave] the article concrete form and extend[ed] it, and the Court's subsequent rulings about the meaning of the directives yielded a body of gender-related policies of substantial scope" (Ostner and Lewis 1995, p. 159). 0 && stateHdr.searchDesk ? Levine, Rhonda 1988 Class Structure and the New Deal:Industrial Labor, Industrial Capital and the State. Nonetheless, U.S. administrative law and public administration experts long had found fault with government regulatory structures and procedures. In P. Lange and M. Regini, eds., State, Market and Social Regulation: New Perspectives onItaly. However, as Lange and Regini (1989) demonstrate, economic institutions also employ command and control logic, while the state may employ the logic of exchange. Current regulatory structures and policies do have feedback effects constraining and providing opportunities for subsequent regulatory policies as well as for subsequent action by parties with interests at stake in regulation (Sanders 1981; Steinberg 1982; Stryker 1990). New York: Basic Books. The years following World War II (19391945) saw a generation of remarkable economists who ma, The process of influencing public and government policy at all levels: federal, state, and local. On Integrating Poverty Regimes into the European Community." 3. Vol. However, the date of retrieval is often important. In S. Liebfreid and P. Pierson, eds., European Social Policy: Between Fragmentationand Integration. It is likewise conducive to investigating how institutional and cultural boundaries between public and private have been variably articulated across countries and over time, and to investigating how globalization shapes opportunities for and constraints on national-level government regulation and on the development of supranational regulatory institutions. Studies in American Political Development 1:142214. Most recently, European scholars have moved away from equating regulation with the realm of all institutional governance or of all government legislation and social control. tion Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word government regulation. 1980 Regulatory Bureaucracy: TheFederal Trade Commission and Antitrust Policy. . Deregulatory politics and deregulation itself were only later and often quite reluctantly accepted by regulated industries such as airlines, trucking, and communications. Skocpol, Theda 1992 Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: ThePolitical Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Congress, however, retains primary control over the organization of the bureaucracy, including the power to create and eliminate agencies and confirm presidential nominations for staffing the agencies. The statutory definition of a subdivision also includes the following exemptions: [5] 1. the combination or recombination of portions of previously subdivided and recorded lots where the total number of lots is not increased and the resultant lots meet or exceed the standards of the municipality as shown in its subdivision regulations; Leibfried, Stephan 1992 "Towards a European Welfare State? Federal regulatory agencies include the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). For example, the U.S. Tax Code and the rules the IRS publishes regulate federal taxation in the United States. Sabatier, Paul 1975 "Social Movements and Regulatory Agencies: Toward a More Adequateand Less PessimisticTheory of 'Clientele Capture'." Administrative law refers to the branch of law governing the creation and operation of administrative agencies. Clearly, consumers, labor, and other subordinate groups can be, and have been, benefited by regulation (see, e.g., Sanders 1981; Steinberg 1982; Stryker 1989). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. But for legislative, administrative, and judicial participants in policy processes, these institutional mechanisms also create independent interests in, and resources for, regulatory policy making. In J. Most regulations are expressed in a natural language (e.g., English), a form that requires some interpretation. The Government has announced that the legal definition of "treasure" is set to be expanded. It is an important topic because regulation has potential effects not only at the macro level on the economy but also at the micro level on companies and individuals. Administrative agencies, often called "the . SKIP TO CONTENT Advantages of a Market Economy. American Journal of Sociology 97:15311576. Even before the Single European Act in 1987, "gender policies . New York and Toronto: The Free Press. But the term reregulation is also used more broadly, to signal regulatory reform that both liberalizes markets and institutes new rules to police them (Vogel 1996). Unsurprisingly, on both sides of the Atlantic, the concepts and perspectives used to study deregulation parallel the alternative economic interest and political interest/political-institutional foci of theories of regulation themselves. Where small business argued for the complete elimination of OSHA, big business relied on cost-benefit analyses to argue that sound economics required reforming the implementation process. The Securities and Exchange Commission today adopted amendments to the "accredited investor" definition, one of the principal tests for determining who is eligible to participate in our private capital markets. Occupational safety and health, employment relations, and Antitrust Policy apparently against their interests. 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