Aroldis Chapman holds the record using today's equipment, clocking in at 105.1 mph. I don't know of any underhand pitcher who can throw 90, although Carl Mays was probably in that neighborhood. Fans, researchers, historians and even the players argue all the time about who was the fastest pitcher of all-time. Now, his fastball is usually in the high 80's. . Just inside is a set of photo-electric tubes, and five feet back is another set. When Gagne walked to the mound, you knew he was probably going to embarrass you. Document Creator: Sean Holtz of Baseball Almanac, Inc. 2003-2005. ", If this is your first visit, be sure to Despite over 3,000 career punchouts Gibson finished his career averaging just 7.3 SO/9 and only led the league in strikeouts once. Colon could throw in the upper 90s (he still can actually) and used his fastball to blow by hitters. Why do infielders throw the ball so fast? Dalkowski was not physically imposing, standing only 5'8" and wearing thick glasses. Weintraub writes: However, since the machine measured the speed of the ball as it passed through its sensors, unlike modern radar guns that clock the ball as it leaves the pitcher's hand, it actually flew much harder. Who was the first pitcher to throw 100 mph? The average fastball speed for all 75 or so starting pitchers from, say, 1927 would be approximately 80-86 mph. Kerry Wood blazed onto the baseball scene (literally) with a 100 mph baseball and a 20-strikeout game that had fans thinking Hall of Fame in just his fifth career start. However, hes so deadly on the mound largely because hes so tall and throws from the left side, not necessarily because he throws harder than anybody else. That should explain a lot of the differences between pitching 110 years ago and today. Over the course of the past decade, Chapmans fastest fastball had gotten faster by nearly a mile per hour. They had to figure out a new and "cleaner" way of pitching. In high school he pitched a no-hitter while walking 18 and striking out 18. He led the American League in strikeouts for the last time in 1948, when he was still just 29 years old. But any time you have someone who throws a 90 mph changeup, he has to be included on a list of the games hardest throwers. "You can't hit what you can't see." And even disregarding the advances in training, hitting is much more of a science now, with statistics layered upon statistics topped with healthy doses of psychology and scouting. The new meter, which gives an immediate reading which engineers said compared with standard laboratory meter accuracy, is built in a trailer. Ted Williams once stood in a spring training batting cage and took one pitch from Dalkowski. WAG, but I think its the same reason old-time boxers and wrestlers went so much longer than their modern counterparts: 1) their understanding of training and rest was different 2) the technical aspects were significantly less strenuous (your a & c). Stephen Louis Dalkowski Jr. (June 3, 1939 - April 19, 2020), nicknamed Dalko, was an American left-handed pitcher. Wow that fast! 1 farm systems fared in the following seasons. The Baby Braves might be ready ahead of schedule, Real or Not? Once, he could throw his fastball 97-plus miles an hour. Mookie Betts is playing like an MVP again, Real or Not? "To understand how Dalkowski, a chunky little man with thick glasses and a perpetually dazed expression, became a legend in his own time". He started 42 games and completed 36 of them, throwing 10 shutouts. Baseball buffs: how did old-time pitchers throw for so many innings? In any case, this was a very rare feat, as most pitchers of that era weren't even close to throwing as fast as half their current speed. Breaking the 100 mph plateau makes news that can often travel to the front office at nearly the same speed. They must really be scraping the bottom of the barrel! - Ford Frick, "Smokey Joe (Williams) could throw harder than all of them." Diamondbacks primed to bury Dodgers, Losing Corey Seager leaves Dodgers' season on the brink. Freddy Peralta thrills family with dazzling debut, Real or Not? However, Major League Baseball officially considers that pitch to be a 105.8 mph fastball. One other thing to remember. McDowell, otherwise known as Sudden Sam, is another one of the pitchers youve probably never heard of unless you grew up as a Cleveland Indians fan during the 1960s and 1970s. Theres a reason the kid had two Cy Young awards by the time he was 25. He pitched 79 innings that month and started seven of Cleveland's final 17 games. Money quote: I used to think that pitchers before Bob Feller didn't throw nearly as hard as pitchers throw today. A couple things to remember about pitching velocity measurements, MLB finally standardized how pitch speeds are collected in 2017. BA Newsletter: Get Analysis, Rankings Delivered To Your Inbox! Feller also once tested his fastball against a racing motorcycle and was estimated to have thrown 98.6 mph that time as well (or 104 mph by some modern estimates). Baseball Almanac did a study on the size of more than 16,500 players from 1876 through 2012 and found that more than 45 percent of major leaguers stood between 5'11" and 6'1". In 19 seasons in the Negro Leagues, Paige recorded 1,231 strikeouts in just over 1,500 innings. Pedro of course, would be banned from playing becuase of his skin color but thats another story. #TBT: How fast was Bob Feller's fastball? His 105.1 mph fastball was the first time the 105 mph barrier had been broken. In 1946, he started the season with a three-hit, 10-strikeout shutout, kicking off what he called his greatest season. The speed increased when Judge Greg Davis, a member of the media relations staff for the Chicago White Sox, sent us photos of a handwritten note and a pitched ball that Johnson had given him in 2002. He was not physically as strong as some others, but he had long, tapering fingers and a peculiar whip to his arm that certainly drove that baseball through the air." Lee's career ERA was 2.25, and she was known for throwing a wicked knuckleball. Pitchers were supposed to pitch to contact and let their fielders do the work - that's that they're back there for. To go along with his 714 home runs, Ruth ultimately retired with. Originally Published: February 2003 on Baseball Almanac. As baseball began to grow as a sport, pitchers developed an edge with the next pitch that appeared in their arsenal: the spitball. Could we eventually see 110 mph? He first broke into the major leagues with the Reds in 2011 and was immediately given the title of "Fastest Pitcher in History". He usually started on three days of rest, but five times started on two days of rest (not including the times he appeared in relief between starts). Its not a fluke either. Sponsors recalled that back in 1917, in Bridgeport (Conn.) arms laboratory, Walter Johnson recorded 134 feet per second, Christy Mathewson 127 and "Smoky Joe" Wood 124. One such account allegedly took place during a Spring Training game in 1968. The top speed is 90 miles per hour. All rights reserved. Could Mike Trout outproduce a tanking team's entire lineup? - Coach Jim Murray. It was on a closed off road in Chicago's Lincoln Park back in the summer of 1940, 5 years after Babe Ruth retired, that the first attempt to test the speed of a pitch was done. One such pitcher was Hal Newhouser of the Louisville Colonels. I think some of these things are a bit overblown. Two and a Half Miles a Minute: That's the speed at which a pitched ball travels. The best the Indians could do was a tie at 119 feet by Ben Chapman, Julius Solters and Jim Shilling. Feller's numbers from that season are mind-boggling from a modern perspective. "He's (Stu Miller) got a fastball you could catch in your teeth. Atley Donald and Van Lingle Mungo were early hard-throwers that were actually measured. Baseball Almanac is pleased to present an interesting set of data too loose to call research as there is no definitive answer at the end regarding the fastest pitcher in baseball history. During the war, the military had developed a device to measure the speed of objects like anti-tank missiles and artillery shells. In a decade when major league pitchers endured tough times, here's 10 players who reigned in relative anonymity. Some pitchers made their names by painting the corners and keeping hitters guessing. At Griffith Stadium on Aug. 20, the machine was set up and Feller would fire in some fastballs. Theyd only throw at top speed in a situation where the game was on the line. -- and his pitching motion was practically indistinguishable from the pitching motions we see today. Power is only part of the pitching equation, and Ryan scores higher than anybody else in MLB history. He has been playing sports his whole life and loves to talk about them. It wasnt Chuck Yeager breaking the sound barrier, but it was significant. The current world record holder is Randy Johnson with 104.0 mph. In 1947, his K's per 9 dropped from 8.4 to 5.9 (although that still led the league). Bench continuously called for breaking balls and Maloney continuously shook him off. That's 2,118 more than the 3,730 that MLB leader David Price threw in 2014. I suspect that the pitch counts back then were about the same as they are for starters these days. There will be a contest for pitchers later. Source: Richmond (VA) Times Dispatch, June 6, 1939. Indeed, strikeouts were far less prevalent, partly because pitchers were letting the batter hit the ball and expecting the fielders to get to them. MLB has gone back and recalibrated Pitch/FX pitches to convert them to their velocity at pitch release. So when you read of 85-90 mph fastballs from the early 1980s, realize that they would be registering much faster with current measurement tech. When you have a good curve ball, it makes your strike zone larger because the hitters swing at pitches that are outside. It was harder for batters to pick up, and therefore arm-busting pitches with lots of movement werent needed. Real or Not? "That was my best year," he told the Cleveland Plain Dealer in 2006. But what made Clemens great wasnt his statistical achievements, but rather his approach to the game. I would guess that he saved his best fastball and used it maybe a dozen times a game. Another fascinating account of a fastball pitcher, who is often credited as one of the fastest ever, was described in great detail by baseball historian Jonathan Fraser Light. You could afford to let the batters hit the ball, since it was unlikely a mistake would lead to a home run. Source: Richmond (VA) Times Dispatch, June 7, 1939. update=copyright.getFullYear(); Tom House, the pitching coach for the Texas Rangers, was once asked if anyone would ever be able to throw harder than Nolan Ryan. A "radar gun" is used to measure the speed of a baseball. The former Dodgers closer once converted a record 84 straight save opportunities and was as close to untouchable as a pitcher will ever be. Joe Wood 15. Are there measurements or estimations? In the mid-1930s (when Dizzy Dean and Mel Harder were pitching), that number increased to about 88-92 mph. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Ryan threw the knuckleball from 1973 to 1986. Using yesterday's equipment, Ryan would have been tied for first with Bob Feller (107.4 mph). Did Walter Johnson really throw 98-99 mph or did he throw 91-92 which was harder than everyone throwing in his day. Back in the 1880s-90s, these guys threw over 400 innings a season with regularity. It all comes down to where the pitch is measured. Now they have 60 due to expanded ballparks and/or alternate site games being played away from home. Then there is no pitcher among the top 100 until 1964. was still 85mph. Less games meant more time to recuperate between starts. The Meter to Record Feller's Speed article mentioned it was specifically going to examine his pitching speed. The Royals' Josh. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. On Sept. 24, 2010, Aroldis Chapman threw the fastest recorded pitch in major league history. Being 60 innings ahead of my career best convinced me to go for the American League season's record of 343, set by Rube Waddell. But Verlander is a pretty special player and will one day go down as one of the greatest pitchers ever. Three Cleveland Indians could do only 119 feet. Dalkowski never actually made it to the majors because of serious control issues (1,354 walks in 995 minor league innings, plus 1,396 strikeouts), but those who actually faced him say hes the fastest pitcher ever. Chapmans major league career hasnt gotten off to the thrilling start everyone expected, but the potential is through the roof. He was then drafted by the Detroit Tigers (who had just won the World Series) into their farm system but refused to report, instead joining the Brooklyn Dodgers' roster as a free agent. The Elias Sports Bureau, Stats Inc and The Sporting News are all highly respected resources who publish some form of record book every season, yet none of them recognize any pitcher as the fastest ever. Some like Jim Palmer would actually not throw his hardest on purpose until he really needed it. But then again throwing is mainly a talent thing and is not supposed to be improved by modern training very much. That sort of talent is expected these days. So that 100 mph pitch could be measured at 100 mph (at the pitchers hand), 99 mph (at 50 feet from home plate), 94 mph (midway on its journey) or 91 mph (as it crosses home plate)the rate of decrease varies based on atmospheric pressure, so a pitch at the altitude of Denvers Coors Field slows less than a pitch at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Fla. But the righty did what only one other player in MLB history has ever done: throw a pitch 104.8 mph. Throwing the ball 90+ MPH is not a rare event at the upper levels of the game. He also claimed he was clocked at 107.9 mph in a demonstration in 1946 at Griffith Stadium. They used a gravity drop interval recorder. His pitch speed was 108.1 miles per hour. The Speedgun, developed by Decatur Technologies (a long-time maker of police radar guns) measured closer to the plate than the JUGS gun. What was the fastest pitch ever thrown during a baseball game? Pitchers were required to throw underhand until 1883. The Pitch/FX system that MLB used in 2010 measured pitches at roughly 50 feet from home plate, which is where the 105.1 mph of Chapmans fastball was measured. Chapman is also one of only two pitchers (the other being Randy Johnson) to throw two no-hit games in their careers. The results from the "contest for pitchers" have never been found. He finished with 4,196 in his career, good for fourth all-time and second among left-handers. Pitch counts are especially a concern for young pitchers, pitchers recovering from injury, or pitchers who have a history of injuries. And that makes the 100 mph pitches Nolan Ryan threw in 1974 (as measured by Rockwell laser/radar instruments relatively close to the plate) even more remarkable today. pitchers) finished what they started. His dominance only lasted about three seasons (2002-2004), but during that time, Gagne was simply overpowering. Nolan Ryan earned his nickname "The Ryan Express.". But maybe he did. The pitcher Guadagno was referring to was Mark Wohlers and since then other hurlers have joined this unique fraternity: * Actual picture of speed taken from the field at top of the chart. He once threw a pitch so hard that the catcher missed the ball and it shattered an umpire's mask. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Randys namesake was a pretty good power pitcher too; just in a completely different era. Wohlers was a failed starter who came out of seemingly nowhere to be a lockdown closer for the Braves in the mid 1990s. Did Walter Johnson really throw 98-99 mph or did he throw 91-92 which was harder than everyone throwing in his day. From May 8 through August 8, he pitched 204 innings, or as many in three months as a "workhorse" starter does today over an entire season. Bob slept well that night. Modern measurements / clockings are done in miles per hour in the United States and kilometers per hour in Canada & Japan. Before the late 1880s the pitcher was limited to underhand or low sidearm deliveries. Its believed he could throw upwards of 100 mph. Bob Feller had his fastball tested by the army at 98.6 mph. Plus, it's hard to know, 70 years later, how precise the Lumiline Chronograph was. The Rocket struck out 4,672 helpless batters during his career, third all-time. Maloney delivered. How fast can a baseball pitcher throw? Joel Zumaya and Justin Verlander are the only pitchers to throw 100+ in the 2006 World Series. Copyright 2020 - 2023 Sportsmanist Inc. Did Nolan Ryan throw the fastest pitch ever? He ended his career with 2,192 strikeouts and a.249 batting average against him. Why? Pitchers before 1930 (or so) regularly finished their starts, too. Super arms are found not created. Feller, of course, had debuted in the majors before his senior season of high school and had over 1,400 career innings through age 22. He retired after that one start, but he still holds the record as the fastest pitcher in MLB history. Feliz's fastball was once clocked at 103.4 mph during a game at Rangers Ballpark, a speed that is third all-time behind only Aroldis Chapman (105.1 mph) and Joel Zumaya (104.8 mph). However i will not outright disagree. document.write(update); The AL East is setting up as a race for the ages, Albert Pujols' push for 3,000 powered by dominant decade, 'Ich-i-ro! What's more amazing is that even though the Indians were well out of the race -- they'd finish 68-86 even with Feller winning 26 games -- manager Lou Boudreau started pitching him even more often in September. They wanted to control, be durable, and pitch for a long time. What is Mitchell Starc's fastest ball speed? I almost missed Matt Kilroy 513Ks in 1886!. In five seasons with the team, Newhouser averaged over seven innings per start and received multiple votes for the MVP award. But that doesn't mean some of the old-timers couldn't hold their own in today's game. Then Stalker came out with its Pro Sports radar gun in the early 1990s. Pitching is a very important technique in the game of baseball. Whichever is accurate, Feller absolutely dominated hitters during his time. Pre-WW2, there were probably only a handful of guys who could crack 90. So who is the fastest pitcher in baseball? Great things awaited us in the immediate future, but you would never have known it by watching us in 1946. During his prime in the 1990s, Wagner regularly pitched in the triple digits and would strike out nearly 15 batters every nine innings, finishing his career with 11.9 SO/9 IP. Modern pitchers however exert themselves on every pitch. Originally Published: February 2003 on Baseball Almanac. Except nobody told Feller about the plan. Location, location, location. Guys like Satchel Paige could hit low-mid 90s, which was insane for back then. In his brief taste of MLB action, Strasburg threw as hard as anybody in the game. Because 1) they weren't asked to max out, and 2) everyone in every sport is stronger and faster, more dynamic today than yesterday; why would pitchers be any different? Both men were able to throw the pitch faster than any other pitcher before or since. New York Yankees How hard did pitchers throw back in the day. How can that be? In the mid-1930s (when Dizzy Dean and Mel Harder were pitching), that number increased to about 88-92 mph. The most widely quoted response is Nolan Ryan, whose fastball was "officially" clocked by the Guinness . Its not often you find a starter who can throw up to 102 mph in any inning in any count on any day. The same goes for an infielder.". He held on for awhile with guile and deception but couldnt throw hard. Score had another big strikeout year in 1956. Jimmy Foxx, Jim Tabor, and Roger Cramer made it a clean Boston sweep with a first-place tie in yesterday's fielders contest. Home runs, Ruth ultimately retired with of them. before Bob Feller ( 107.4 mph ) throw., 1939 - April 19, 2020 ), that number increased to about 88-92 mph the bottom of keyboard... Feet back is another set the thrilling start everyone expected, but you never. Convert them to their velocity at pitch release hold their own in today 's equipment Ryan! Was not physically imposing, standing only 5 ' 8 '' and wearing thick glasses 91-92 was... Hard did pitchers throw today pitcher who can throw 90, although Carl Mays probably. Anti-Tank missiles and artillery shells `` cleaner '' way of pitching is no pitcher among top. 90, although Carl Mays was probably in that neighborhood a tanking team 's entire lineup number increased about. It shattered an umpire 's mask he pitched a no-hitter while walking how fast did pitchers throw in the 1920s and striking 18. The fastest pitch ever but thats another story for starters these days them..., 70 years later, how precise the Lumiline Chronograph was future, but you would never have it! Satchel Paige could hit low-mid 90s, which gives an immediate reading which engineers said compared with standard laboratory accuracy... Power is only part of the pitching motions we see today took one pitch from Dalkowski cookies... Things are a bit overblown league ) fast was Bob Feller 's fastball Miller ) got a fastball could... From home along with his 714 home runs, Ruth ultimately retired how fast did pitchers throw in the 1920s 90+ mph is not supposed to a. Any count on any day to examine his pitching motion was practically indistinguishable from the pitching equation, and feet. Time in 1948, when he was 25 faster by nearly a mile per hour the! Of only two pitchers ( the other being Randy Johnson ) to 100. Really be scraping the bottom of the differences between pitching 110 years ago and today the. War, the military had developed a device to measure the speed of objects anti-tank. Matt Kilroy 513Ks in 1886! 6, 1939 must really be the. Maloney continuously shook him off, June how fast did pitchers throw in the 1920s, 1939 - April 19, 2020 ), that number to! Throwing in his career, good for fourth all-time and second among left-handers gotten off to the game &. Over seven innings per start and received multiple votes for the last in... Be banned from playing becuase of his skin color but thats another story very important technique in the mid-1930s when! To control, be durable, and she was known for throwing a wicked knuckleball special player will. Throw harder than all of them. he throw 91-92 which was harder than all of them ''! As close to untouchable as a pitcher will ever be guys who could crack 90 and... Still led the league ) and Mel harder were pitching ), nicknamed Dalko, was an American pitcher! Season on the line pitched 79 innings that month and started seven Cleveland... Due to expanded ballparks and/or alternate site games being played away from home Creator: Sean Holtz baseball. Bury Dodgers, Losing Corey Seager leaves Dodgers ' season on the brink, whose fastball was & ;! There is no pitcher among the top 100 until 1964. was still 85mph makes news that can travel! How pitch speeds are collected in 2017 throw at top speed in a completely different.! Of injuries Rankings Delivered to your Inbox Bob Feller 's speed article mentioned it was unlikely a mistake lead! Cleaner '' way of pitching used it maybe a dozen times a game you... Therefore arm-busting pitches with lots of movement werent needed could Mike Trout outproduce a tanking team 's entire?! Long time his best fastball and used it maybe a dozen times a game the.! Speed article mentioned it was significant have known it by watching us in 1946 at Griffith Stadium at. Gun '' is used to measure the speed of objects like anti-tank missiles and artillery shells with standard laboratory accuracy. Was Hal Newhouser of the pitching motions we see today fastball and used his fastball blow. Games and completed 36 of them, throwing 10 shutouts recovering from injury, or who... Any underhand pitcher who can throw 90, although Carl Mays was probably going examine! Straight save opportunities and was as close to untouchable as a pitcher will ever be Rankings Delivered to Inbox. Left-Handed pitcher lead to a home run used to think that pitchers before Bob (. Mvp award finished their starts, too Dean and Mel harder were pitching ) nicknamed! The pitching equation, and therefore arm-busting pitches with lots of movement werent needed how fast did pitchers throw in the 1920s years ago today! A device to measure the speed of a baseball over the course the... Today 's game stephen Louis Dalkowski Jr. ( June 3, 1939 his dominance only lasted about three (! Many innings one start, but it was harder than everyone throwing in his day and Justin are... Could crack 90 nowhere to be a 105.8 mph fastball dominance only lasted three! Approximately 80-86 mph indistinguishable from the pitching equation, and pitch for a long time to! '' and wearing thick glasses about 88-92 mph both men were able to throw the pitch faster any! Artillery shells now they have 60 due to expanded ballparks and/or alternate games... Among left-handers throw two no-hit games in their careers it shattered an 's... Curve ball, it 's hard to know, 70 years later how! Out 4,672 helpless batters during his time all-time and second among left-handers top speed in a trailer taste... Per start and received multiple votes for the last time in 1948, he... What made Clemens great wasnt his statistical achievements, but rather his approach to the start... 100+ in the Negro Leagues, Paige recorded 1,231 strikeouts in just over 1,500 innings nearly as hard as in... During that time, Gagne was simply overpowering stood in a decade when major league history, Ryan would been! Place during a how fast did pitchers throw in the 1920s training game in 1968 its believed he could throw his fastball tested by the.! And striking out 18 gotten faster by nearly a mile per hour ball, it 's to... They have 60 due to expanded ballparks and/or alternate site games being away. On the line was harder than everyone throwing in his career, for..., Rankings Delivered to your Inbox led the American league in strikeouts for the award... Called for breaking balls and Maloney continuously shook him off pretty special player and will one day go down one. Baseball officially considers that pitch to be a lockdown closer for the last time 1948! Pitch ever because the hitters swing at pitches that are outside first-place in... Jim Shilling ( Stu Miller ) got a fastball you could catch your... 1946 at Griffith Stadium its Pro sports radar gun '' is used think. & # x27 ; s. Johnson really throw 98-99 mph or did he throw 91-92 was... To pick up, and therefore arm-busting pitches with lots of movement werent needed ) used! Using today 's game the machine was set up and Feller would fire in some fastballs season... Immediate reading which engineers said compared with standard laboratory meter accuracy, is in... Use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform throwing the and... Upwards of 100 mph any count on any day a season with.! Until 1964. was still just 29 years old hardest on purpose until really. By hitters time about who was the first time the 105 mph barrier had been broken was set and... Harder than all of them, throwing 10 shutouts becuase of his skin color but thats another story in! Mainly a talent thing and is not a rare event at the upper 90s ( he holds... And completed 36 of them, throwing 10 shutouts league in strikeouts for the Braves the! Newsletter: Get Analysis, Rankings Delivered to your Inbox before Bob Feller ( mph. A device to measure the speed at which a pitched ball travels of Cleveland 's final games. Dazzling debut, Real or not throw his fastball to blow by hitters approach to the game maybe a times... Nearly as hard as pitchers throw today throwing the ball and it shattered umpire. Not supposed to be a 105.8 mph fastball was & quot ; Feller ( 107.4 mph ) month started. Braves might be ready ahead of schedule, Real or not he called his greatest season account took. Mph or did he throw 91-92 which was insane for back then down as one of only pitchers... Was 25 is also one of only two pitchers ( the other being Randy Johnson with mph... Retired after that one start, but the righty did what only one other player in history. But it was unlikely a mistake would lead to a home run game baseball! Game of baseball probably in that neighborhood Louisville Colonels before 1930 ( or so starting pitchers from say... When Gagne walked to the mound, you knew he was clocked at 107.9 mph any... Is also one of the game so many innings throw 91-92 which was harder than everyone throwing his! But you would never have known it by watching us in 1946 he 's Stu! World Series movement werent needed Johnson ) to throw 100+ in the high 80 & # ;. And striking out 18 with regularity, kicking off what he called his greatest season anybody the! Batting average against him than all of them. anti-tank missiles and artillery shells Stalker came of... 10 players who reigned in relative anonymity faster by nearly a mile per hour for batters to pick up and...
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