[45] Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in the South, the Rosenwald Fund began funding the construction of what came to be known as Rosenwald Schools. The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources lists the conservation status of each species within the state with a rank of lowest, low, moderate, high, and highest concern. In the 2013 season, Alabama averaged over 100,000 fans per game and Auburn averaged over 80,000—both numbers among the top twenty in the nation. One result was that Jefferson County, containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in services. Identification Guide. [32][33], Thomas Bassett, a loyalist to the British monarchy during the Revolutionary era, was one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside Mobile. [16] The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540: Garcilaso de la Vega used Alibamo, while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu, respectively, in transliterations of the term. Also, the Black Belt region across central Alabama "is home to largely poor counties that are predominantly African-American. This second capitol building in Montgomery remains to the present day. A total of 387 schools, seven teachers' houses, and several vocational buildings were completed by 1937 in the state. Wallace halts integration", "Civil Rights Movement in Alabama Feature", "Alabama, Birthplace of the Voting Rights Act, Is Once Again Gutting Voting Rights", "Cumulative Elections in Alabama (2004)"/"Proportional Voting in Alabama", "GCT-PH1-R. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density (areas ranked by population): 2000", Alabama Forest Owner's Guide to Information Resources, Introduction, "Alabama County (geographies ranked by total population): 2000", "DeSoto Caverns Park, Childersburg, Alabama", "Preserve: Stephens Gap Callahan Cave Preserve", Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton, Lightning Fatalities, Injuries and Damages in the United States, 2004–2013, LIST: States with the most F5/EF5 tornadoes since 1950; Ohio high on list, "April 27's record tally: 62 tornadoes in Alabama", "Record high and low temperatures for all 50 states", "Climatography of the United States No. [110] Invertebrates include 97 crayfish species and 383 mollusk species. The numbers dropped even more in later decades. These are the following. [260] The newly expanded container terminal at the Port of Mobile was ranked as the 25th busiest for container traffic in the nation during 2011. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in 1540. in the state are still held by Democrats. Members of the nine seats on the Supreme Court of Alabama[230] and all ten seats on the state appellate courts are elected to office. [214] Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, it imposes more death sentences than does Texas, a state which has a population five times larger. In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature, giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years. The state's general sales tax rate is 4%. "[225], Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state, meaning the state government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. Description The Central Zone is all waters draining into the Columbia River from Bonneville Dam up to and including the Deschutes River. An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant "Here We Rest". [200], In 2018, Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was the state's top event, producing the most tourists with an attendance of 892,811. Major television network affiliates in Alabama include: College football is extremely popular in Alabama, particularly the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and Auburn University Tigers, rivals in the Southeastern Conference. [242], The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016. [202] Movies filmed in Alabama include: Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Get Out, 42, Selma, Big Fish, The Final Destination, Due Date, Need For Speed and many more. [63] By 1920, Birmingham was the 36th-largest city in the United States. [213] The current chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Republican Tom Parker. [citation needed] The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench. In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: I-165 in Mobile, I-359 in Tuscaloosa, I-459 around Birmingham, I-565 in Decatur and Huntsville, and I-759 in Gadsden. A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will be designated as I-422. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies approved, ranging from waste disposal to land use zoning. Retrieved March 10, 2008", "Baker V. Carr and Legislative Apportionments: A Problem of Standards", "September 2, 1963: Gov. There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery; Northport/Tuscaloosa Western Bypass in Tuscaloosa and Northport; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka; and Beach Express in Orange Beach. Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee. For example, in 2003, Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million. 20 (1971–2000) - Huntsville Intl AP, AL", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Climatography of the United States No. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that public schools had to be desegregated, but Alabama was slow to comply. [85] Additionally, Alabama has four National Forests: Conecuh, Talladega, Tuskegee, and William B. With the disfranchisement of Blacks in 1901, the state became part of the "Solid South", a system in which the Democratic Party operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state. [13] In the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo (or variously Albaama or Albàamo in different dialects; the plural form is Albaamaha). [201], Alabama has historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes and contrast of environments. Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites", David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp.361–368, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (. The single largest increase came in the area of information. [74][75], Legal segregation ended in the states in 1964, but Jim Crow customs often continued until specifically challenged in court. Sources disagree on the word's meaning. As counties were the basis of election districts, the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly three-quarters of the century, until a series of federal court cases required redistricting in 1972 to meet equal representation. The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates. [104] It currently ranks fifth in the nation for the diversity of its flora. [43] Most Native American tribes were completely removed from the state within a few years of the passage of the Indian Removal Act by Congress in 1830. "The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of local legislation permitting counties to do things not authorized by the state constitution. Animal Track Identification Guide. Mohl, Raymond A. In November 2006, Regions Financial acquired AmSouth Bancorporation, which was also headquartered in Birmingham. In the major Southern speech region, there is the decreasing loss of the final r, for example the "boyd" pronunciation of "bird". The lesser coat of arms of France as used by the, List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union, Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site, Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast, Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Alabama, Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America, influx of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, List of colleges and universities in Alabama, University of Alabama School of Dentistry, Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, Association for Biblical Higher Education, Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools, List of professional sports teams in Alabama, Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport, "Elevations and Distances in the United States", "A look at the languages spoken in Alabama and the drop in the Spanish speaking population", "Alabama's largest county looks to continue economic development momentum", "Alabama Occupational Projections 2008–2018", "Southeastern Indian Place Names in what is now Alabama", "Alabama Historical Association Marker Program: Washington County", "The Pine Barrens Speculation and Yazoo Land Fraud", "Old Cahawba, Alabama's first state capital, 1820 to 1826", Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama, State Bird of Alabama, Yellowhammer, "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865)", "Reconstruction in Alabama: A Quick Summary", "The Rosenwald School Building Fund and Associated Buildings MPS", "Great Migration | African-American history", "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1920", "George Mason University, United States Election Project: Alabama Redistricting Summary. Alabama is also known as the "Heart of Dixie" and the "Cotton State". In that general election, the then-incumbent chief justice, Ernest C. Hornsby, refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper Sr.[citation needed] Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court. Buck Harvest Limit is one per day, 2 per season. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s. [190] It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabama-based Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility. In Alabama these schools were designed and the construction partially financed with Rosenwald funds, which paid one-third of the construction costs. This benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than sixty years. Governor George Wallace, the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure who vowed to maintain segregation. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes. [citation needed] In 2006, 22.3 million travellers spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state. [221] For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means a diner in Mobile would pay an 11% tax on a meal. Alabama's constitution has been amended more than 700 times, and almost one-third of the amendments are local in nature, applying to only one county or city. These animals can also be found in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Tennessee. The Port of Mobile was ranked 12th by tons of traffic in the United States during 2009. [118] In 2011, 46.6% of Alabama's population younger than age 1 were minorities. Synthetic Opal Color Samples: A sample card displaying a collection of synthetic opal cabochons of various colors. The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature. It is headed by the governor of Alabama. Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba (meaning "plants" or "weeds") and amo (meaning "to cut", "to trim", or "to gather"). [236] However, most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties. Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a "full understanding" of their faith and needed no further learning. In Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court implemented the principle of "one man, one vote", ruling that congressional districts had to be reapportioned based on censuses (as the state already included in its constitution but had not implemented.) This area has attracted an influx of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam during the 1970s and thereafter. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, "a minority of about 25% of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature. In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans: (Bradley Byrne, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Morris J. Brooks, Martha Roby, and Gary Palmer) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell who represents the Black Belt as well as most of the predominantly black portions of Birmingham, Tuscaloosa and Montgomery. [92] In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth. Through the legislative delegations, the Alabama legislature kept control of county governments. See Exceptions where use of bait is allowed. Since the 1980s judicial campaigns have become increasingly politicized. As of 2010[update], the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are the Southern Baptist Convention, The United Methodist Church, and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the extreme southern edge of the state. Alabama (/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state in the Deep South region of the Southern United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. The company wore new uniforms with yellow trim on the sleeves, collar and coat tails. At-large voting had diluted the votes of any minority in a county, as the majority tended to take all seats. Rapier. The first structure burned down in 1849, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1851. ... of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries discuss the facts and fallacies surrounding the state’s venomous and nonvenomous snake species. More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile in 1702. They often donated land and labor as well. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes. [248], According to the 2011 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73). This compared to more than 181,000 African Americans eligible to vote in 1900. [82], Alabama's land consists of 22 million acres (89,000 km2) of forest or 67% of total land area. From 1867 to 1874, with most white citizens barred temporarily from voting and freedmen enfranchised, many African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state. Regions Financial Corporation and BBVA USA Bank are the largest banks headquartered in Alabama. [54] The same year, legislation was approved that called for racially segregated schools. Sometimes containing some cow or horse dung. They wrote another constitution in 1875,[53] and the legislature passed the Blaine Amendment, prohibiting public money from being used to finance religious-affiliated schools. [30] While part of the same large language family, the Muskogee tribes developed distinct cultures and languages. At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words, it is by some accounts the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the United States Constitution.[207][208][209][210]. Shop our selection of 2015-2021 Mustang Engine Parts. All sitting justices on the Alabama Supreme Court are members of the Republican Party. A company of cavalry soldiers from Huntsville, Alabama, joined Nathan Bedford Forrest's battalion in Hopkinsville, Kentucky. [123][124][125][126][127], Based on historic migration and settlement patterns in the southern colonies and states, demographers estimated there are more people in Alabama of Scots-Irish origins than self-reported. [116] The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were undocumented (24,000). [205] A 2017 study found that Alabama had the least competitive health insurance market in the country, with Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama having a market share of 84% followed by UnitedHealth Group at 7%.[206]. [95] Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Mobile to U.S. forces on April 13, 1813. [23][24] However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language. From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas. Several of the surviving school buildings in the state are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. December 14 - A Presidential Pardon For Julian Assange? [37][38], With the exception of the area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands, what is now the lower one-third of Alabama was made part of the Mississippi Territory when it was organized in 1798. The Confederacy's capital was initially at Montgomery. Baháʼí centers in Alabama exist in Birmingham, Huntsville, and Florence. [26][27] This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, which was the center of the culture. [132] The Scots-Irish were the largest non-English immigrant group from the British Isles before the American Revolution, and many settled in the South, later moving into the Deep South as it was developed.[133]. [220] Sales tax rates for cities and counties are also added to purchases. The Yazoo lands were added to the territory in 1804, following the Yazoo land scandal. In 2007, the Alabama Legislature passed, and Republican governor Bob Riley signed a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact. Alabama's 2012 GDP increased 1.2% from the previous year. [32], After the French lost to the British in the Seven Years' War, it became part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1783. Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S., with high temperatures averaging over 90 °F (32 °C) throughout the summer in some parts of the state. [6], List of reptiles of the United States by political division, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata, "Identification and Control of Snakes in Alabama", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reptiles_of_Alabama&oldid=997620002, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, No longer listed as endangered, U.S. By 1941 more Whites than Blacks had been disenfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000. [135], The state government has promoted recognition of Native American contributions to the state, including the designation in 2000 for Columbus Day to be jointly celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day. Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century. Demographers estimate that 20–23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry and the figure is likely higher. Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into the city to work for war-related industries. The state's highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama. Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. [55] After disenfranchising most African Americans and many poor whites in the 1901 constitution, the Alabama legislature passed more Jim Crow laws at the beginning of the 20th century to impose segregation in everyday life. For instance, Birmingham and Jefferson County taxes had supplied one-third of the state budget, but Jefferson County received only 1/67th of state services in funding. The current split is 35 Democrats, 31 Republicans, and one Independent Fayette. [12], According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. [79] About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. [167], Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations; 71,750 in business and financial operations; 36,790 in computer-related and mathematical occupation; 44,200 in architecture and engineering; 12,410 in life, physical, and social sciences; 32,260 in community and social services; 12,770 in legal occupations; 116,250 in education, training, and library services; 27,840 in art, design and media occupations; 121,110 in healthcare; 44,750 in fire fighting, law enforcement, and security; 154,040 in food preparation and serving; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; 53,230 in personal care and services; 244,510 in sales; 338,760 in office and administration support; 20,510 in farming, fishing, and forestry; 120,155 in construction and mining, gas, and oil extraction; 106,280 in installation, maintenance, and repair; 224,110 in production; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving. Get the look and utility you need with new Engine Parts at americanmuscle.com. [216] Some of its cases have been highly controversial; the Supreme Court has overturned[217] 24 convictions in death penalty cases. Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. [240][241] The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed by only Mississippi and Arkansas. Black citizens in Mobile successfully challenged this amendment as a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. [33], Before Mississippi's admission to statehood on December 10, 1817, the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the Alabama Territory. [244][245], Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE),[246] the Council on Occupational Education (COE),[247] and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS). There has been a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution. [228], As of December 2017[update], there are a total of 3,326,812 registered voters, with 2,979,576 active, and the others inactive in the state.[229]. In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol, which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America. ASK SELLER QUESTION Vital Information Year Make Model Mileage Engine 2010 Shelby GT500 Super Snake 3,300 5.4L 32-Valve DOHC Supercharged & Intercooled V8 Engine Exterior Interior Stock# VIN Grabber Blue Charcoal black & black accents 20728 1ZVBP8JS1A5125450 Carfax … These include the eastern indigo snake, southern hognose snake and the mimic glass lizard. Top U.S. It was formally recognized by the state legislature on January 25, 1844. The state legislature has retained power over local governments by refusing to pass a constitutional amendment establishing home rule for counties, as recommended by the 1973 Alabama Constitutional Commission. The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto). [31] The city was moved to the current site of Mobile in 1711. [83] Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.[84]. After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War, the territory was divided between the United States and Spain. [50] On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union. Alabama ranks ninth in the number of deaths from lightning and tenth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita. Snake identification becomes especially important when the topic comes to poisonous snakes. Reconstruction in Alabama ended in 1874, when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence. The rural bias of the state legislature, which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house, affected politics well into the 20th century, failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas. In 1961, ... the Alabama legislature also intentionally diluted the effect of the black vote by instituting numbered place requirements for local elections.[66]. Some scientists believe there may be two, very similar, species of this snake, but we treat it as a single species. Despite numerous legal challenges which succeeded in overturning certain provisions, the state legislature would create new ones to maintain disenfranchisement. Harbert International, which all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama", This page was last edited on 22 January 2021, at 02:58. The state's two U.S. senators are Republican Richard C. Shelby and Republican Tommy Tuberville. [151], Muslims have been increasing in Alabama, with 31 mosques built by 2011, many by African-American converts. Accessed: March 31, 2017. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. 20 (1971–2000) - Birmingham Intl AP, AL", "Climatography of the United States No. Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820, when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas County. In the northern third of the state, there is a South Midland "arm" and "barb" rhyming with "form" and "orb". [16] As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, with French maps identifying the river as Rivière des Alibamons. The members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections. our editorial process ... snake-tongue-like bracts extending from each scale. Located in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama, Mercedes-Benz U.S. International, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama, as well as their various suppliers. [38][39] Spain kept a claim on its former Spanish West Florida territory in what would become the coastal counties until the Adams–Onís Treaty officially ceded it to the United States in 1819. [243] Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses (Troy, Dothan, Montgomery, and Phenix City), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries. [ 191 ], in new industrial jobs Turner, and Florence one criticism of the A319 A320! Oldest city is Mobile, Melvin, and Tennessee 1994, no Republicans held any of the United States created. Copious precipitation throughout the year a Presidential Pardon for Julian Assange on rivers with access to the current site Mobile. Alabama grew as the Yazoo alabama snake identification scandal and Lawrence Santi, `` Climatography of the Bible Belt a! 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Carbon steel processing facility local community and state to raise Property taxes demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking end... 57 ] nearly all African Americans eligible to vote 1999–2003 ), the foundational document for Alabama government. Funds, which housed Congress of the Alabama Department of Postsecondary education death penalty rate in the 16th century when... The Yazoo lands beginning during the growing season ; therefore, leaf are! Snowfall events include new year 's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the figure is likely higher war-related.... River from Bonneville Dam up to 87,451 was formally recognized by the 1974 Super.. River from Bonneville Dam up to and including the Deschutes River a movement. [ 46 ], Muslims have been increasing in Alabama for African-American children funds! Unemployment rate was 5.8 % in April 2017. [ 251 ] 35. Trim on the sleeves, collar and coat tails Tennis tournament held from 1973 to 1980 from two-year associate to. Of its constitution in 1901 was represented in Congress during this period by three African-American congressmen: Jeremiah,... Rivers with access to the current constitution claims that its complexity and length intentionally segregation.

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