Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling. Since then, we have worked with the public and BP to identify and implement early restoration projects. The settlement ended all civil and criminal penalty claims against the owners and operators of the rig BP, Anadarko, TransOcean and Halliburton under the Clean Water Act and the Oil Pollution Act. Now, a team of American scientists led by Terry Hazen have shown that just a. "Bryan Walsh. By that time cleanup had cost BP over $14billion. Boat captains were given the opportunity to offer the use of their boats to help clean and prevent the oil from further spreading. [325] In June 2012, the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court-supervised settlement program. A lock ( [278], On 30 April, President Obama dispatched the Secretaries of the Department of Interior and Homeland Security, as well as the EPA Administrator and NOAA to the Gulf Coast to assess the disaster. Directive of Rarely", "In Standoff With Environmental Officials, BP Stays With an Oil Spill Dispersant", "Statement by EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson from Press Conference on Dispersant Use in the Gulf of Mexico with U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral Landry", "Dispersants flow into Gulf in 'science experiment', "BP oil spill: Obama administration's scientists admit alarm over chemicals", "Gulf oil spill: Effects of dispersants remain a mystery", "22-mile-long oily plume mapped near BP site Disaster in the Gulf", "Chemical Dispersant Made BP Oilspill 52 Times More Toxic", "Dispersant makes oil from spills 52 times more toxic", "Burning off oil from BP spill in Gulf posed little health risk, feds say in new report (video)", "Giant oil skimmer 'A Whale' deemed a bust for Gulf of Mexico spill", BP oil spill: Kevin Costner's oil-water separation machines help with clean-up, "Advances in Oil Spill Cleanup Lag Since Valdez", "BP 'Excited' Over Kevin Costner's Oil Cleanup Machine, Purchases 32", "Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Response: Current Operations as of June 28", "An Audacious Decision in Crisis Gets Cautious Praise", "Dynamic autoinoculation and the microbial ecology of a deep water hydrocarbon irruption", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Bacteria in the gulf mostly digested gas, not oil, study finds", "How Microbes Helped Clean BP's Oil Spill", Oil-eating microbes may not be all they're cracked up to be | The Upshot Yahoo! [23] Transocean pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge as part of its $1.4billion fine. Oil sheencould be seen on the surface of the water covering up to 180 000km2 [3] . [287][288] CEOs from the top five oil companies all agreed to work harder at improving safety. In the United States the Deepwater Horizon investigation included several investigations and commissions, including reports by the USCG National Incident Commander, Admiral Thad Allen, the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE), National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Government Accountability Office, National Oil Spill Commission, and Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. [359], On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct. [302], In July 2013, Hayward was awarded an honorary degree from Robert Gordon University. Restoring the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, 2010 National Coastal Condition Assessment Results and Report, National Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives, Enforcement and Compliance Annual Results for FY 2022, February 17, 2012: $90 million civil settlement with, January 3, 2013: $1 billion civil settlement with, RestoreTheGulf: official federal government site for spill. Efforts in May to place a containment dome over the largest leak in the broken riser were thwarted by the buoyant action of gas hydratesgas molecules in an ice matrixformed by the reaction of natural gas and cold water. Both cores were likely too weak to withstand the pressure because they were composed of a concrete mixture that used nitrogen gas to accelerate curing. The facility began accepting claims on 23 August 2010. [141] On 24 May, EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson ordered EPA to conduct its own evaluation of alternatives and ordered BP to reduce dispersant use by 75%. [286], The petroleum industry claimed that disasters are infrequent and that this spill was an isolated incident and rejected claims of a loss of industry credibility. On April 4, 2016, the court approved a settlement with BP for natural resource injuries stemming from the spill. [349] $800million goes to Gulf Coast restoration Trust Fund, $300million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $150million to the National Wild Turkey Federation and $150million to the National Academy of Sciences. [330] An auditor BDO Consulting found that 7,300 claimants were wrongly denied or underpaid. [123], For a time, a group called Matter of Trust, citing insufficient availability of manufactured oil absorption booms, campaigned to encourage hair salons, dog groomers and sheep farmers to donate hair, fur and wool clippings, stuffed in pantyhose or tights, to help contain oil near impacted shores, a technique dating back to the Exxon Valdez disaster. Mac McClelland for Mother Jones, 24 May 2010. restoration plan to address impacts from the spill to the Gulf of Mexico, Trustees final comprehensive restoration plan, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA and the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission Partner to Restore Recreational Fish, Rescued from Deepwater Horizon, a Resilient Native Returns to Queen Bess Island, $226 Million in Projects Approved in Gulf Open Ocean Restoration Plan, Two Partners Recommended for Funding to Restore Habitat From Oil and Hazardous Waste Spills, Comments Welcomed on Deepwater Horizon Open Ocean Draft Restoration Plan, Deepwater Horizon Open Ocean Restoration Plan 1 Finalized, Mississippi Acquires Land in Grand Bay with Deepwater Horizon Settlement Funds, NOAA Announces Latest Partnership to Restore Habitats Damaged by Oil and Hazardous Waste, Deepwater Horizon Trustees to Host Two Public Events, July 18 and 19 in Mississippi, A Decade Later: Advances in Oil Spill Science Since Deepwater Horizon, Deepwater Horizon oil spill contributed to high number of Gulf dolphin deaths, https://www.doi.gov/deepwaterhorizon/adminrecord. At approximately 7:45pm CDT, on 20 April 2010, high-pressure methane gas from the well expanded into the marine riser and rose into the drilling rig, where it ignited and exploded, engulfing the platform. 2179 "DEEPWATER HORIZON" IN THE GULF: OF MEXICO, ON APRIL 20, 2010", "U.S. bans BP from new government contracts after oil spill deal", "US court accepts BP's Macondo guilty plea", "BP Will Pay $4.5B in Plea Deal over Macondo", "Transocean Agrees to Plead Guilty to Environmental Crime and Enter Civil Settlement to Resolve U.S. Clean Water Act Penalty Claims from Deepwater Horizon Incident", "Halliburton Pleads Guilty to Destroying Evidence After Gulf Spill", "Judges Call BP's Arguments "Nonsensical", "The ideas that underly BP's cert petition don't make sense", "BP's Appeal Fails to Interest Supreme Court, Cert Denied", "Halliburton to pay around $1.1 bn for US oil spill claims", "BP to begin presenting its defense Monday in Gulf oil spill trial", "BP, Transocean Accused of 'Reckless' Actions in Spill", "U.S. Justice, Gulf states crafting BP spill settlement", "BP found "grossly negligent' in Gulf of Mexico oil spill", "BP set to pay largest environmental fine in US history for Gulf oil spill", "Kurt Mix, BP Engineer, Faces First Oil Spill Charges", "Feds File First Criminal Charges Related to BP Gulf Spill", "First Criminal Charges Filed in Deepwater Horizon Accident", "BP to pay $4.5bn penalty over Deepwater Horizon disaster", "BP Managers Plead Not Guilty to Deepwater Horizon Criminal Charges", "Halliburton manager gets 1 year probation in Gulf oil spill", "Blowout: Four years after his indictment, one of the only people prosecuted for the Deepwater Horizon explosion tells his side of the story", "Disaster prosecution is, well, a disaster", "Disaster's Toll on the Gulf and Its People", "The Great Invisible (Post-Screening Discussion)", "The Great Invisible | Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill | Independent Lens | PBS", "Vanishing Pearls: The Oystermen of Pointe a la Hache (2014) - IMDb", "Vanishing Pearls: The Oystermen of Pointe a la Hache Official Trailer 1 (2014) HD", "Slamdance Film Review: 'Vanishing Pearls: The Oystermen of Pointe a la Hache', "Review: 'Vanishing Pearls' shows fallout after Gulf disasters", "Pretty Slick: The BP Deepwater Horizon Exposed - Updated and Expanded Directors Cut", "Focus on Nature: Film Series (PLV) | Current Students | October 15, 2015 | PACE UNIVERSITY", "New Film Focuses on the Demise of Louisiana's Coast", "After the Spill: Louisiana Water Stories, Part II", Journey to Planet Earth: Dispatches from the Gulf 1 (of 3), "Dispatches from the Gulf - Screenscope - Journey to Planet Earth", "Meet David Murphy: The Next Generation of Scientists (Gulf Dispatches)", "Dispatches from the Gulf: A New Documentary", "The Movie BP (Probably) Doesn't Want You To See", "Nicolas Cage Gets Serious About the BP Oil Spill In The Runner Trailer", "Black Water (BP Version) - Gulf Oil Spill Doobie Brothers Parody", "Eddie Vedder and Jimmy Fallon 'Balls in Your Mouth', "Russell Crowe and Jimmy Fallon sing 'Balls in Your Mouth', "Jimmy Fallon & Brad Paisley Sing "Balls In Your Mouth" (Late Night with Jimmy Fallon)", "Audience Suggestion Box: Jimmy Fallon & Florence Welch Sing "Balls In Your Mouth", "God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You", "BP Research Dollars Yield Signs of Cautious Hope", "Critical Lessons from the Federal Response to the Gulf Oil Spill", Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico, Science in a Time of Crisis: WHOI's response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, "Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the, CDC Oil Spill Response Resources NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic, Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), State of Florida Oil Spill Academic Task Force, ScientificAmerican.com 2015-04020 BP Gulf Oil Spill: 5 Years Later Indepth Report, Underwater Video Examines Multiple Leak Points Causing BP Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Interactive: Smithsonian Ocean Portal, BBC News interactive animation to the disaster and blocking efforts, CSB produced blowout animation and technical explanation of cause of disaster, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&oldid=1130796604, 4.9Mbbl (210,000,000U.S.gal; 780,000m, 2,500 to 68,000sqmi (6,500 to 176,100km, The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is referenced in the 2010 episode of, This page was last edited on 1 January 2023, at 00:57. The parents reported "unexplained symptoms among their children, including bleeding ears, nose bleeds, and the early start of menstruation among girls," according to David Abramson, director of Columbia University's National Center for Disaster Preparedness. This places stress on many marine and shore habitats by placing an imbalance of nutrients through decreasing the amount of oxygen in the environment, since most petroleum degradation are aerobic processes. However, it was not clear if this deal had been officially proposed to BP and if BP has accepted it. GoMRI uses a peer-review process to award grants for independent scientific research conducted primarily at academic institutions, as well as at select for-profit entities. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, dedicated to five priorities, commonly called funding buckets: Amount of civil penalties collected from the Clean Water Act and dedicated by the federal RESTORE Act to the Gulf. "[88] On 4 August 2010, BP began pumping cement from the top, sealing that part of the flow channel permanently. The conclusion was that BP was partly to blame, as was Transocean, which owned the rig. 4 million barrels of oil flowed from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day period, before it was finally capped on July . '"[341] The Court then went further, calling BP's position "nonsensical. Because the effects of the Deepwater Horizon spill were so widespread, assessment teams are taking an ecosystem approach to restoring the Gulf ecosystem. [136] The two formulations are neither the least toxic, nor the most effective, among EPA's approved dispersants, but BP said it chose to use Corexit because it was available the week of the rig explosion. Court order granting partial summary judgment of liability for the spill, criminal plea agreement with BP Exploration & Production, Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling Inc., Transocean Deepwater Inc., Transocean Holdings LLC, and Triton Asset Leasing GmbH (Transocean), Phase One Trial: Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law on Gross Negligence and Willful Misconduct, Phase Two Trial: Findings of Fact on Source Control and the Amount of Oil Spilled, Ruling on Maximum Dollars-Per-Barrel Penalty Amount, as Adjusted by the Penalty Inflation Act, $14.9 billion civil settlement with BP Exploration & Production. 97% of payments were made to claimants in the Gulf States. . Atlas RM, Hazen TC (2011) Oil Biodegradation and bioremediation: a tale of the two worst spills in US history. [72][73] Next, it placed a 125-tonne (280,000lb) containment dome over the largest leak and piped the oil to a storage vessel. [29], The Deepwater Horizon was a 10-year-old[30] semi-submersible, mobile, floating, dynamically positioned drilling rig that could operate in waters up to 10,000ft (3,000m) deep. The funds will be used strictly for research activities, with results published in peer-reviewed scientific journals with no BP approval or review. At the same time, organisms able to digest light components of the oil began to multiply, starting the process of converting the pollutant to carbon dioxide . By October 2013 it had increased its projection to $9.2billion, saying it could be "significantly higher. [326][327] Until this more than one million claims of 220,000 individual and business claimants were processed and more than $6.2billion was paid out from the fund. [370][371], This article is about the oil spill itself. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Due to the effectiveness and lower cost of bioremediation, two methods. [340] BP says that it has $9.5billion in assets set aside in a trust to pay the claims, and the settlement will not increase the $37.2billion the company budgeted for spill-related expenses. [308] The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling was established on 22 May to "consider the root causes of the disaster and offer options on safety and environmental precautions. One quarter of that has been burned, captured or skimmed, according to U.S.. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [26][27], In September 2014, a United States District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct. BP will pay $4.5billion in fines and other payments, the largest of its kind in US history. The well is situated in the Macondo Prospect in Mississippi Canyon Block 253 (MC253) of the Gulf of Mexico, in the United States' exclusive economic zone. According to researchers, there is "some evidence it may have caused lesions in fish caught in that area". [193], A 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on bluefin tuna funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Stanford University, and the Monterey Bay Aquarium and published in the journal Science, found that the toxins from oil spills can cause irregular heartbeats leading to cardiac arrest. He said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent." The disaster had a significant impact on the environment and the local economy, and it highlighted the . The loss of life and the subsequent pollution of the Gulf of Mexico were the result of poor risk management, lastminute changes to plans, failure to observe and respond to critical indicators, inadequate well control response, and insufficient emergency bridge response training by companies and individuals responsible for drilling at the Macondo well and for the operation of the drilling platform. [52] On 10 July, the containment cap was removed to replace it with a better-fitting cap ("Top Hat Number 10"). [63][64][65], That means that over 10010^6USgal (380Ml) (2.4million barrels) remained in the Gulf. Also known as the Gulf of Mexico Oil spill and BP oil spill, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill is considered the largest oil spill in the petroleum industry's history. The first one is increasing the surface area through emulsification. [228] A 2015 study of the relative toxicity of oil and dispersants to coral also found that the dispersants were more toxic than the oil. ", "BP Buys 'Oil' Search Terms to Redirect Users to Official Company Website", "BP buys 'oil spill' sponsored links for search engines", "Bob Dudley: Profile of the new BP chief executive", "Why we disrupted Tony Hayward's award at the University of Birmingham", "Honorary degree for ex-BP Gulf of Mexico boss is a sick joke", "University defends degree for Deepwater Horizon boss Tony Hayward", "Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: International Offers of Assistance", "U.S. not accepting foreign help on oil spill", "Jones Act: Maritime politics strain Gulf oil spill cleanup", "Salazar Launches Safety and Environmental Protection Reforms to Toughen Oversight of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations", "Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling", "Attorney General Eric Holder on Gulf Oil Spill", "Anadarko and Mitsui executives set to testify", "Deepwater Horizon blowout preventer 'faulty' Congress", Transocean, Halliburton blast BP report on cause of blowout, oil spill, "Gulf oil spill: President's panel says firms complacent", "Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling", "BP and firms made risky decisions before spill: report", "Blunders Abounded Before Gulf Spill, Panel Says", "BP, Transocean, Halliburton blamed by presidential Gulf oil spill commission", "Panel: Without changes in oil industry and government, BP-like spill could happen again", "DNV report on Deepwater Horizon BOP concluded", "Gulf oil spill report: BP ultimately responsible in Gulf spill", "Comment. [45], According to the satellite images, the spill directly affected 70,000sqmi (180,000km2) of ocean, which is comparable to the size of Oklahoma. Official websites use .gov [312], On 8 September 2010, BP released a 193-page report on its web site. Without any opposing force, oil began to discharge into the gulf. [58] As of December2012[update], 339mi (546km) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations. [298][299] On 26 July 2010, it was announced that CEO Tony Hayward was to resign and would be replaced by Bob Dudley, who is an American citizen and previously worked for Amoco. [165][168] The delivery method of microbes to oil patches was proposed by the Russian Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. The Macondo well is found roughly 41mi (66km) off the Louisiana coast. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [310] Also the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce conducted a number of hearings, including hearings of Tony Hayward and heads of Anadarko and Mitsui's exploration unit. Before it was capped three months later, approximately 134 million gallons of oil had spilled into the Gulf, the largest offshore oil spill in U.S. history. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill | Gulf of Mexico | April 2010 What Happened? [176], Local and federal authorities citing BP's authority denied access to members of the press attempting to document the spill from the air, from boats, and on the ground, blocking access to areas that were open to the public. [320] In the report, BP was accused of nine faults. Booms extend 1848in (0.461.22m) above and below the water surface and were effective only in relatively calm and slow-moving waters. [142][143][144] BP reduced Corexit use by 25,689 to 23,250USgal (97,240 to 88,010L) per day, a 9% decline. Following a five-year evaluation of the damage, the Trustees issued a plan in 2016 to restore the Gulf and allocate funds from the settlement with BP. [353], In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against it by paying $1.1billion into a trust by way of three installments over two years. In the November 2012 resolution of the federal charges against it, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers and paid a $4billion fine. [339] BP also agreed to spend $105million over five years to set up a Gulf Coast health outreach program and pay for medical examinations. The PAHs were most concentrated near the Louisiana Coast, but levels also jumped 23 fold in areas off Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. This process involves investigating the effects of the spill on natural resources and determining the costs to restore them. Government officials acting on behalf of the public when there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural resources. What resulted from this one incident was an economic, political, scientific and legal nightmare. BP rejected the charges saying "BP believes it was not grossly negligent and looks forward to presenting evidence on this issue at trial in January. [203] Damage to the ocean floor especially endangered the Louisiana pancake batfish whose range is entirely contained within the spill-affected area. [336][337] On 13 August, BP asked US District Judge Carl Barbier to approve the settlement, saying its actions "did not constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct". Fortunately, unlike higher organisms that are adversely impacted by oil spills, microorganisms are able to . Investigations continue into the public health effects on coastal residents and responders who investigated and cleaned up the mess. This will optimize bioaugmentation as microbe being altered is indigenous to that particular environment. On 2 March 2012, BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits. [116], Dispersants are said to facilitate the digestion of the oil by microbes. Problems include the fact that microbes being introduced may require different conditions in order to grow, indigenous organisms out compete the new comers, and if growth is observed, it may not reach a high enough concentration to have an observable effect on the degradation of oil. Marisa Taylor and Renee Schoof for McClatchy Newspapers, 18 May 2010. A decrease in the number of phototrophs, with them being primary producers in marine food chain will greatly impact all other organisms. Major oil spills in the GoM such as the Deepwater Horizon (DWH 2010) and the Ixtoc 1 (1979) resulted in extensive pollution of the pelagic, sea-floor, and coastal ecosystems. [194] The oil and dispersant mixture permeated the food chain through zooplankton. Bioremediation was used extensively to combat the devastating effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 and British Petroleum's Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. [36][37] Eleven missing workers were never found despite a three-day U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) search operation and are believed to have died in the explosion. [325], The GCCF was administrated by attorney Kenneth Feinberg. Bp over $ 14billion given the opportunity to offer the use of their boats to help clean and the... Only in relatively calm and slow-moving waters [ 325 ], on 4 September,! Negligence and willful misconduct 341 ] the oil spill | Gulf of Mexico | April 2010 What Happened Judge Barbier! Economy, and it highlighted the with no BP approval or review by Hazen. Kenneth Feinberg through zooplankton entirely contained within the spill-affected area two methods 2014, U.S. District Judge Barbier. 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