Why did Shackleton go to Antarctica? A little Ernest Shackleton background. He planned to cross Antarctica from a base on the Weddell Sea to McMurdo Sound, via the South Pole, but the expedition ship Endurance was trapped in ice off the Caird coast and drifted for 10 months before being crushed in the pack ice. Because he wanted to get from one side of the continent to the other. This is the latest accepted revision . He was a key figure of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Where did Ernest Shackleton attend school? [88], On 24 February, realising that she would be trapped until the following spring, Shackleton ordered the abandonment of ship's routine and her conversion to a winter station. Shackleton refused to pack supplies for more than four weeks, knowing that if they did not reach South Georgia within that time, the boat and its crew would be lost. In October 2015, Shackleton's decorations and medals were auctioned; the sale raised 585,000. In 1914, Shackleton set out from England to cross Antarctica on foot. [90], Until this point, Shackleton had hoped that the ship, when released from the ice, could work her way back towards Vahsel Bay. [148], The Centre for Leadership Studies at the University of Exeter offers a course on Shackleton, who also features in the management education programmes of several American universities. Also, members of his team climbed Mount Erebus, the most active Antarctic volcano. Ernest H. Shackleton 1874-1922. Meanwhile, a second ship, the Aurora, would take a supporting party under Captain Aeneas Mackintosh to McMurdo Sound on the opposite side of the continent. Shackleton's . 2010-02-16 16:39:59. Although he'd been sent home from the trip due to ill health, Shackleton vowed to return to the Antarctic and prove himself as a polar explorer. Amundsen vs. Scott. Born on February 15, 1874 - Sir Ernest Shackleton was an Anglo-Irish explorer who led a total of three voyages to Antarctica. Of later independent fame was the photographer Frank Hurley, known on this mission for his perilous shots. Shackleton was then briefly involved in a mission to Spitzbergen to establish a British presence there under guise of a mining operation. Over a century after it sank to the depths of the Weddell Sea off the coast of Antarctica, the lost ship of Anglo Irish explorer Ernest Shackleton has been found. He was forced to make an 800-mile open boat journey, then cross the island of South Georgia, before the ship's crew could be rescued. EXPLORERS - ROALD AMUNDSEN. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton was buried on the island of South Georgia in the South Atlantic Ocean. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. King Edward VII received him on 10 July and raised him to a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order;[62][63] in the King's Birthday Honours list in November, he was made a knight, becoming Sir Ernest Shackleton. [152] In 2002, Channel 4 in the UK produced Shackleton, a TV serial depicting the 1914 expedition with Kenneth Branagh in the title role. [93] After failed attempts to march across the ice to this island, Shackleton decided to set up another more permanent camp (Patience Camp) on another floe, and trust to the drift of the ice to take them towards a safe landing. [120] Shackleton returned to England in early March 1919, full of plans for the economic development of Northern Russia. Educated at Dulwich College (188790), Shackleton entered the mercantile marine service in 1890 and became a sublieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in 1901. The three men all suffered at times from snow blindness, frostbite and, ultimately, scurvy. The story that would unfold was to be beyond any expectations and completely different to that planned. He still harboured thoughts of returning south, even though in September 1910, having recently moved with his family to Sheringham in Norfolk, he wrote to Emily: "I am never again going South and I have thought it all out and my place is at home now". At one point, Shackleton gave his one biscuit allotted for the day to the ailing Frank Wild, who wrote in his diary: "All the money that was ever minted would not have bought that biscuit and the remembrance of that sacrifice will never leave me". February 5, 2010, 10:09 AM. The astonishing challenge - to cross Antarctica from one coast to the other - didn't exactly go to plan and actually resulted in . Shackleton's mother, Henrietta Letitia Sophia Gavan, was descended from the Fitzmaurice family. Sir Ernest Shackleton's towering ambition and eagerness to explore the unknown led him to undertake the boldest adventure of his life, the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. But on January 5, 1922, he died of a heart attack off South Georgia and was buried on the island. Before departing, Scott had been told that the expedition was not to stay a second winter, and Discovery . Although he'd been sent home from the trip due to ill health, Shackleton vowed to return to the Antarctic and prove himself as a polar . The wreck of Sir Ernest Shackleton's wooden ship has been recovered from the ocean depths more than a century after it sank off the coast of Antarctica. Shackleton received a message saying the King would not be able to go. Scott led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901-04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910-13. . Alternate titles: Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. The founder of the family was Abraham Shackleton, a Quaker, who moved to Ireland early in the eighteenth century and started a school at Ballitore, near Dublin. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [105], On the following day, they were able, finally, to land on the unoccupied southern shore. Timeline and Map. The expedition's other main accomplishments included the first ascent of Mount Erebus, and the discovery of the approximate location of the South Magnetic Pole, reached on 16 January 1909, by Edgeworth David, Douglas Mawson and Alistair Mackay. [122], Shackleton returned to the lecture circuit and published his own account of the Endurance expedition, South, in December 1919. [38] With Sir Clements Markham's blessing, he accepted a temporary post assisting the outfitting of the Terra Nova for the second Discovery relief operation, but turned down the offer to sail with her as chief officer. According to Macklin's own account, Macklin told him he had been overdoing things and should try to "lead a more regular life", to which Shackleton answered: "You are always wanting me to give up things, what is it I ought to give up?" Reality TV Crew: Tim Jarvis in the Footsteps of Shackleton", "Shackleton adventurers complete epic re-enactment voyage", "Adventurer Tim Jarvis survives to tell of his recreation of Sir Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic journey", "Chasing Shackleton: Chasing Shackleton re-aired August 12, 2014", "Ernest Shackleton's polar voyage to feature on Royal Mail stamps", "Statue of Polar explorer Ernest Shackleton unveiled in Athy", "The unveiling of Shackleton statue at Athy, Co. Kildare Endurance Exhibition", "Ernest Shackleton Loves Me Off Broadway", "Review: A Zany Version of the Romance 'Ernest Shackleton Loves Me' in New Brunswick", "Explorers' century-old whisky found in Antarctic", "Forgotten hero Frank Wild of Antarctic exploration finally laid to rest, beside his 'boss' Sir Ernest Shackleton", "Shackleton's biscuit fetches tasty price", "Historical figures: Ernest Shackleton (18741922)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Shackleton&oldid=1133108864, Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO, 1909; MVO 4th Class: 1907), Officer of the Order of the British Empire, Military Division (OBE, 1918), Polar Medal (1904; with clasp for Nimrod Expedition: 1909), Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of Antwerp (1909), This page was last edited on 12 January 2023, at 08:34. Shackleton and five others sailed 800 miles (1,300 km) to South Georgia in a whale boat, a 16-day journey across a stretch of dangerous ocean, before landing on the southern side of South Georgia. [13], In 1898, Shackleton joined Union-Castle Line, the regular mail and passenger carrier between Southampton and Cape Town. "[22], Discovery departed London on 31 July 1901, arriving at the Antarctic coast, via Cape Town and New Zealand, on 8 January 1902. [70] He had been in discussions with Douglas Mawson about a scientific expedition to the Antarctic coast between Cape Adare and Gaussberg, and had written to the RGS about this in February 1910. The attempt this week to find Sir Ernest Shackleton's missing ship, the Endurance, has ended - without success. [61], On Shackleton's return home, public honours were quickly forthcoming. In January 2013, a joint British-Australian team set out to duplicate Shackleton's 1916 trip across the Southern Ocean. A sledging party, led by Shackleton, reached within 97 nautical miles (112 statute miles or 180 km) of the South Pole, and another, under T.W. Repeatedly requesting posting to the front in France,[112] he was by now drinking heavily. [139], During the ensuing decades Shackleton's status as a polar hero was generally outshone by that of Captain Scott, whose polar party had by 1925 been commemorated on more than 30 monuments in Britain alone, including stained glass windows, statues, busts and memorial tablets. Ernest Shackleton took Spratt's on his Nimrod (1907-1909) and Endurance (1914-1917) expeditions, where they were part of a doggy diet that also included seal meat, blubber, biscuits and pemmican, a high-energy mix of fat and protein. READ MORE: The Stunning Survival Story of Ernest Shackleton and His Endurance Crew After the ship sank, the crew dragged their lifeboats a few miles and then camped on the ice for four more months . Although some of his former crew members had not received all their pay from the Endurance expedition, many of them signed on with their former "Boss". Despite his assurances to Emily that "we are practically sure of the contract", nothing came of this scheme. [69] The reality was that the expedition had left Shackleton deeply in debt, unable to meet the financial guarantees he had given to backers. [147] Other management writers soon followed this lead, using Shackleton as an exemplar for bringing order from chaos. [149] Shackleton has also been cited as a model leader by the US Navy, and in a textbook on Congressional leadership, Peter L Steinke calls Shackleton the archetype of the "nonanxious leader" whose "calm, reflective demeanor becomes the antibiotic warning of the toxicity of reactive behaviour". His health suffered, and he was removed from duty and sent home on the supply ship Morning in March 1903. "[34] There is no corroboration of Armitage's story. Ernest Shackleton was a well-known Irish and British explorer during the first two decades of the twentieth century. The great polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton never achieved his goal of traversing the continent of Antarctica, but is remembered these days for something more extraordinary. He was planning to cross it. In his 1956 address to the British Science Association, Sir Raymond Priestley, one of his contemporaries, said "Scott for scientific method, Amundsen for speed and efficiency but when disaster strikes and all hope is gone, get down on your knees and pray for Shackleton", paraphrasing what Apsley Cherry-Garrard had written in a preface to his 1922 memoir The Worst Journey in the World. Tom Crean was in more immediate charge as head dog-handler. Nevertheless, in February 1907, Shackleton presented to the Royal Geographical Society his plans for an Antarctic expedition, the details of which, under the name British Antarctic Expedition, were published in the Royal Geographical Society's newsletter, Geographical Journal. [82] Shackleton also loosened some traditional hierarchies to promote camaraderie, such as distributing the ship's chores equally among officers, scientists, and seamen. [59], In 1910, Shackleton made a series of three recordings describing the expedition using an Edison phonograph. There is a legend that Shackleton posted an advertisement which emphasised the hardship and danger of the voyage, so that he could better narrow down and select candidates for his expedition, but no record of any such advertisement has survived and its existence is considered doubtful. [12] His father was able to secure him a berth with the North Western Shipping Company, aboard the square-rigged sailing ship Hoghton Tower. In 1905, Shackleton became a shareholder in a speculative company that aimed to make a fortune transporting Russian troops home from the Far East. [27] Scott chose Shackleton to accompany Wilson and himself on the expedition's southern journey, a march southwards to achieve the highest possible latitude in the direction of the South Pole. In tribute to their achievement, he wrote: "I do not know how they did it, except that they had tothree men of the heroic age of Antarctic exploration with 50feet of rope between themand a carpenter's adze".[108]. Four months later, after leading four separate relief expeditions, Shackleton succeeded in rescuing his crew from Elephant Island. [16][17] Although officially on leave from Union-Castle, this was in fact the end of Shackleton's Merchant Navy service. After a few days, with the position at 695'S, 5130'W, Shackleton gave the order to abandon ship, saying, "She's going down! He attempted a fourth Antarctic expedition, called the Shackleton-Rowett Antarctic Expedition, aboard the Quest in 1921, which had the goal of circumnavigating the continent. April 24th 1916 - Shackleton and 5 others set off in the James Caird for South Georgia.Sir Ernest Shackleton, Endurance Voyage. They later learned that the same hurricane had sunk a 500-ton steamer bound for South Georgia from Buenos Aires. [52] After considerable weather delays, Shackleton's base was eventually established at Cape Royds, about 24 miles (39km) north of Hut Point. [126] On 16 September 1921, Shackleton recorded a farewell address on a sound-on-film system created by Harry Grindell Matthews, who claimed it was the first "talking picture" ever made. Shackleton then worked hard to persuade others of his wealthy friends and acquaintances to contribute, including Sir Philip Lee Brocklehurst, who subscribed 2,000 (approximately equivalent to 212,000 in 2019) to secure a place on the expedition;[46] author Campbell Mackellar; and Guinness baron Lord Iveagh, whose contribution was secured less than two weeks before the departure of the expedition ship Nimrod. In 1915, polar explorer Ernest Shackleton's ship became trapped in ice, north of Antarctica. [27][28], The party set out on 2 November 1902. Shackleton delayed his own departure until 27 September, meeting the ship in Buenos Aires.[85]. Shackleton served in the British army during World War I and served as a military advisor in the multinational North Russia Expeditionary Force during the Russian Civil War. [73], None of these enterprises prospered, and his main source of income was his earnings from lecture tours. [101] McNish had clashed with Shackleton during the time when the party was stranded on the ice, but, while Shackleton did not forget the carpenter's earlier insubordination, Shackleton recognised his value for this particular job. [164], In January 2016, Shackleton featured on a series of UK postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail on the centenary of the Endurance expedition. [12], During the following four years at sea, Shackleton learned his trade, visiting the far corners of the earth and forming acquaintances with a variety of people from many walks of life, learning to be at home with all kinds of men. [50] In accordance with Shackleton's promise to Scott, the ship headed for the eastern sector of the Great Ice Barrier, arriving there on 21 January 1908. [29] A record Farthest South latitude of 8217' was reached, beating the previous record established in 1900 by Carsten Borchgrevink. This march was not a serious attempt on the Pole, although the attainment of a high latitude was of great importance to Scott, and the inclusion of Shackleton indicated a high degree of personal trust. [33], After a period of convalescence in New Zealand, Shackleton returned to England via San Francisco and New York. Scottish jute magnate Sir James Caird gave 24,000, Midlands industrialist Frank Dudley Docker gave 10,000, and tobacco heiress Janet Stancomb-Wills gave an undisclosed but reportedly "generous" sum. What did Lord Davis do in the Antarctic? In 1921, he returned to the Antarctic with the ShackletonRowett Expedition, but died of a heart attack while his ship was moored in South Georgia. Ernest Shackleton testified at the Titanic inquiry. A supporting party, the Ross Sea party led by A.E. See answer (1) Best Answer. [169], "Shackleton" redirects here. None survived the brutal journey home. Shackleton's first solo expedition The story of Shackleton's ill-fated journey exemplifies the strength of human spirit and one man's determination to succeed against all odds. Event and key to map Time since leaving England Date 8 Shackleton, Worsley, and Crean reach Stromness whaling station 21 months, 12 days May 20th 1916. But it's also a terrific story . The march was, Scott wrote later, "a combination of success and failure". [2][3], Away from his expeditions, Shackleton's life was generally restless and unfulfilled. [78] Public interest in the expedition was considerable; Shackleton received more than 5,000 applications to join it. [25], According to steward Clarence Hare, he was "the most popular of the officers among the crew, being a good mixer",[26] though claims that this represented an unofficial rival leadership to Scott's are unsupported. [15], Shackleton used his acquaintance with the son to obtain an interview with Longstaff senior, with a view to obtaining a place on the expedition. Sir Ernest Shackleton, the intrepid explorer, is best remembered for embarking on a fateful voyage aboard the Endurance in a bid to cross the Antarctic. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [48], On 1 January 1908, the Nimrod set off on the British Antarctic Expedition from Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand. His . McIlroy was head of the scientific staff, which included Wordie. Did Shackleton eat his dogs? "[137], Before the return of Shackleton's body to South Georgia, there was a memorial service held for him with full military honours at Holy Trinity Church, Montevideo, and on 2 March a service was held at St Paul's Cathedral, London, at which the King and other members of the royal family were represented. [51], It was noted that ice conditions were unstable, precluding the establishment of a safe base there. (Ernest Shackleton) (Perce Blackborow) Suggested answers: Shackleton:"Shackleton turned me down because he thought I was too young and wasn't qualified." From the sentence we can infer that Shackleton was a responsible leader.Obviously he really needed people to work for him,but the expedition was very . Shackleton led four expeditions to the Antarctic during his life. Why did Sir Ernest Shackleton go to Antarctica? 77510). But when ice trapped his ship Endurance, his mission instantly changed from exploration to pure survival. [149] In Boston, a "Shackleton School" was set up on "Outward Bound" principles, with the motto "The Journey is Everything". [110] The Yelcho took the crew first to Punta Arenas and after some days to Valparaiso in Chile where crowds warmly welcomed them back to civilisation. He joined Capt. Corrections? He later denied Scott's claim in The Voyage of the Discovery, that he had been carried on the sledge. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS FRSGS (15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic.He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.. Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban south London . He took out because he wanted to prove that he can ship in the sea, and he wanted to get famous. Shackleton was a romantic adventurer, who became interested in exploration and joined the Royal Geographical Society while still at sea. [9], From early childhood, Shackleton was a voracious reader, a pursuit which sparked a passion for adventure. 05 Dec 2014 Martha Lagace. They found that the Barrier Inlet had expanded to form a large bay, in which were hundreds of whales, which led to the immediate christening of the area as the Bay of Whales. [146] In 2001 Margaret Morrell and Stephanie Capparell presented Shackleton as a model for corporate leadership in their book Shackleton's Way: Leadership Lessons from the Great Antarctic Explorer. The harrowing tale of British explorer Ernest Shackleton's 1914 attempt to reach the South Pole, one of the greatest adventure stories of the modern age. In charge of holds, stores and provisions[] He also arranges the entertainments. An Anglo-Irish adventurer, he became a pivotal figure in the era later characterised as the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration", thanks to the laudable and ambitious . The attitudes of his men were a point of emphasis in leading his men back to safety. The Shackletons came originally from Yorkshire. When Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition left South Georgia Island on 5 December 1914 to assist his bid to be the first to cross the Antarctic continent, he had no idea that a year and a half later he would end up on a rescue mission trekking across the very same subantarctic island where he started. [11], Shackleton's restlessness at school was such that he was allowed to leave at 16 and go to sea. [8] Four years later, the family moved again, from Ireland to Sydenham in suburban London. [d] En route the South Pole party discovered the Beardmore Glaciernamed after Shackleton's patron[55]and became the first persons to see and travel on the South Polar Plateau. Disaster struck when his ship, the Endurance, was crushed by ice. [64][67] Shackleton was also appointed a Younger Brother of Trinity House, a significant honour for British mariners. This allowed for Shackleton to remain in control of the morale of his crew members. [64][65] He was honoured by the Royal Geographical Society, who awarded him a gold medal; a proposal that the medal be smaller than that earlier awarded to Captain Scott was not acted on. [11] The aim was the conquest of both the geographical South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. Why did Ernest shackleton go to antarctica? What did Ernest Shackleton accomplish on his expedition to Antarctica? Shackleton's fellow-explorers expressed their admiration; Roald Amundsen wrote, in a letter to RGS Secretary John Scott Keltie, that "the English nation has by this deed of Shackleton's won a victory that can never be surpassed". [157] Also in 2013, a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the Teloschistaceae family was published as Shackletonia by botanists Schting, Frdn & Arup. After a medical examination (which proved inconclusive),[34] Scott decided to send Shackleton home on the relief ship Morning, which had arrived in McMurdo Sound in January 1903. [89] She drifted slowly northward with the ice through the following months. [14] Following the outbreak of the Boer War in 1899, Shackleton transferred to the troopship Tintagel Castle where, in March 1900, he met an army lieutenant, Cedric Longstaff, whose father Llewellyn W. Longstaff was the main financial backer of the National Antarctic Expedition then being organised in London. October 10, 2012, 11:40 AM Live Oct. 11, 2012 -- Ernest Shackleton ought to have died on the Antarctic ice. Victoria Land plateau was claimed for the British crown, and the expedition was responsible for the first ascent of Mount Erebus. Who were the first people to go to. Shackleton and Scott stayed on friendly terms, at least until the publication of Scott's account of the southern journey in The Voyage of the Discovery. [12] The options available were a Royal Navy cadetship at Britannia, which Shackleton could not afford; the mercantile marine cadet ships Worcester and Conway; or an apprenticeship "before the mast" on a sailing vessel. Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family[1] moved to Sydenham in suburban south London when he was ten. [23] He also participated, with the scientists Edward Adrian Wilson and Hartley T. Ferrar, in the first sledging trip from the expedition's winter quarters in McMurdo Sound, a journey which established a safe route on to the Great Ice Barrier. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He. The wreck of Ernest Shackleton's Endurance, the ship at the heart of one of the world's greatest survival stories, was discovered in the seas off Antarctica this week, more than a century after it was crushed by pack ice and sank. [107], The next successful crossing of South Georgia was in October 1955, by the British explorer Duncan Carse, who travelled much of the same route as Shackleton's party. One does not believe that we have lost all sense of admiration for courage [and] endurance". Mackintosh, sailed in the Aurora and laid depots as far as latitude 8330 S for the use of the Trans-Antarctic party; three of this party died on the return journey. (, The distance from the Pole is commonly given as 97 or 98 miles, this being the distance in nautical miles. (equivalent to 32,306 in 2021[135]) which he bequeathed to his wife. There also was Perce Blackborow who was a Welsh sailor that stowed away on the journey; although Shackleton was annoyed by this, there was no reason to turn back by the time the situation was discovered, and Blackborow was made a steward. His father, Henry Shackleton, tried to enter the British Army, but his poor health prevented him from doing so. [33] He was in a seriously weakened condition; Wilson's diary entry for 14 January reads: "Shackleton has been anything but up to the mark, and today he is decidedly worse, very short winded and coughing constantly, with more serious symptoms that need not be detailed here but which are of no small consequence one hundred and sixty miles from the ship". On the Endurance, the second in command was the experienced explorer Frank Wild. In a Christie's auction in London in 2011, a biscuit that Shackleton gave "a starving fellow traveller" on the 19071909 Nimrod expedition sold for 1250. After the darkness of the Antarctic winter, the return of the sun was a major event in 1915 . On 9 January 1909, Shackleton and three companionsWild, Eric Marshall and Jameson Adamsreached a new Farthest South latitude of 8823'S, a point only 112 miles (180km) from the Pole. [10] He was schooled by a governess until the age of eleven, when he began at Fir Lodge Preparatory School in West Hill, Dulwich, in southeast London. [101] Ship's carpenter Harry McNish made various improvements, including raising the sides, strengthening the keel, building a makeshift deck of wood and canvas, and sealing the work with oil paint and seal blood.[101]. (, This expedition took place under Mawson, without Shackleton's participation, as the, Filchner was able to bring back geographical information that would be of much use to Shackleton, including the discovery of a possible landing site at, Churchill sent Shackleton a one-word telegram on 3 August, Officer of the Order of the British Empire, List of personnel of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, "Endurance: Shackleton's lost ship is found in Antarctic", "At the Bottom of an Icy Sea, One of History's Great Wrecks Is Found", "Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance, which sank in 1915 near Antarctica, has been found", Sir Ernest Shackleton: Funeral Ceremony In South Georgia: Many Wreaths On Coffin, Shackleton's Last Voyage: the Story of the Quest, "Polar explorer Ernest Shackleton may have had hole in his heart, doctors say", "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", "Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry of 14 Milnethorpe-road, Eastbourne, knight", "Reliving Shackleton's Epic Endurance Expedition", "Ernest Shackleton Honoured with Birthday Google Doodle", "Team sets out to recreate Shackleton's epic journey", "Sir Ernest Shackleton medals raise 585,000 at auction", "Elation for Adelaide adventurer Tim Jarvis as epic Antarctic trek ends", "Polar Explorer vs. The article British presence there under guise of a heart attack off South Georgia in the James for... 59 ], `` Shackleton '' redirects here expedition to Antarctica [ 61 ], None of these enterprises,... 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